To the American prison guards, the Iraqi prisoners represented a despised, dangerous, and threatening out-group. Conformity is adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation. Blaming the victim reflects the belief that, because the world is just, the victim must have done something to deserve his or her fate. Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to spontaneously attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the role of external, situational factors. Hindsight bias is the tendency: A) in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributingtheir behavior to internal, personal characteristics. Realizing that mere contact between black and white children was not dissipating tension and prejudice, Aronson reasoned that perhaps the competitive schoolroom atmosphere was partly at fault. A)the tendency, in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics. This is called the just-world hypothesis. "Ill make sure that you are always sexually satisfied."c. A fierce rivalry quickly developed, demonstrating the ease with which mutually hostile groups could be created. question A (n) _____ is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way that may be either positive, negative, or ambivalent. this example illustrates: When Yoshiko's hard work and ability landed a big contract for her company, she would not accept the credit, insisting it was pure luck. Find the 78th78^{\text {th }}78th percentile. after an event has occurred, there is a tendency to overestimate the ability to have predicted the outcome Attitudes learned tendency to evaluate objects, people, or issues in a particular way b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. the hindsight bias. Define altruism and prosocial behavior and explain the difference between these two concepts: Altruism is helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit. Dubbed the jigsaw classroom technique, this approach brought together students in small, ethnically diverse groups to work on a mutual project. after an event has occurred, there is a tendency to overestimate the ability to have predicted the outcome Attitudes learned tendency to evaluate objects, people, or issues in a particular way Affective Attitude feelings and emotions about a topic Behavioral Attitude actions regarding a topic Cognitive Attitude The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: Hindsight bias. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would . When people have any sort of personal relationship with another person, they're more likely to help that person. 260. Explore our library and get Introductory Psychology Homework Help with various study sets and a huge amount of quizzes and questions, Find all the solutions to your textbooks, reveal answers you wouldt find elsewhere, Scan any paper and upload it to find exam solutions and many more, Studying is made a lot easier and more fun with our online flashcards, Try out our new practice tests completely, 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. [Critical Thinking]: Identify the social and psychological factors that contributed to abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib Prison. 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. [Focus on Neuroscience]: Explain the summary conclusions of the fMRI research of attractive faces displaying eye contact vs. non eye contact and how this perceived social interaction is processed in our brain: The conclusions were that when we make direct eye contact with a physically attractive person, it activates same brain areas that are involved in processing other types of pleasurable stimuli. Sherif and his colleagues studied a group of 11-year-old boys in a: a summer camp located at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. Our selective attention is drawn to distinctive features of a less-familiar minority. In every case, the teacher was reassured that the experimenter was responsible for the learner's well-being. How could harmony between the groups be established? Assuming the ratios you calculated in part (a) remain the same, predict the effect on the money supply. What is the difference between gerrymandering and Redistricting? The boys were randomly assigned to two groups. D. Pennington; Psychology. B)the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Attitude is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person . Explain the role of the fundamental attribution error and hindsight bias as it relates to people's tendency to "blame the victim" and how this relates to the just-world hypothesis. Sherif and his fellow researchers created a series of situations in which the two groups would need to cooperate to achieve a common goal. All Rights Reserved. - The subjects were familiar with the basic nature of scientific investigation, believed that scientific research was worthwhile, and were told that the goal of the experiment was to "advance the scientific understanding of learning and memory". Culture affects conformity in that it is generally higher in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. They are more likely to view Dan as. When the attractive person's eye gaze is shifted away from the viewer, activity in those areas decreases. people with abnormal and twisted personalities. the more industrialized a society becomes, the less formal its social institutions tend to be. It is a fundamentally selfless act. b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. In Milgram's original obedience experiment, subjects who were assigned the role of teacher: were deceived about the real role of the learner and the level of shock that he actually received. Explanation: Hindsight bias: In psychology, the term hindsight bias refers to the tendency of a person to overestimate his or her ability to predict a particular outcome that couldn't perhaps have been predicted. Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Solomon Asch posed a question on conformity: Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong? Define Zimbardo's concept of cognitive dissonance and explain how it affects our behaviors and attitudes: Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) that occurs when there's an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions). Adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation is called: When Justine made an oral presentation in class, Meagan joined her class mates in applauding at the end, even though she did not think the presentation was very clear or well organized. Meagan's behavior in this example illustrates: _____ is the social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity. However, there are several common biases that can interfere with critical thinking in psychology. d. to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. ***Remember, this is the shock experiment***. (3) The gradual, repetitive escalation of the task. The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: . The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: Yosser Hughes I'm Desperate Dan, Familiarity is another predictor of attraction and liking. the jigsaw puzzle technique: Elliot Aronson tried adapting the results of the Robbers Cave experiments to a very different group situationa newly integrated elementary school. The three components are as follows: (1) a cognitive component: your thoughts and conclusions about a given topic or object, (2) an emotional or affective component, and (3) a behavioral component, in which attitudes are reflected in action. True or False, which of the following attitudes is associated with taking responsibility for your own pleasure? investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment, involves you as a social being that has been shaped by your interactions with others and by the social environments, including the culture, in which you operate, refers to how we form impressions of other people how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, focuses on how our behavior is affected by other people and by situational factors, refers to the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of other people, the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics, refer to these deliberate, conscious mental processes involved perception, judgments, decisions, and reasoning, to describe the mental processes associated with automatic, non-conscious social evaluations, the process of inferring the cause of someone's behavior, including your own, the tendency to spontaneously attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the role of external, situational factors, the innocent victim of a crime, disaster, or serious illness is blamed for having somehow caused the misfortune or for not having taken steps to prevent it, the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome, a strong need to believe that the world is fair -- that we get what we deserve and deserve what we get, when people credit themselves for their success and blame their failures on external circumstances, a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way, an unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when there's an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, a negative attitude towards people who belong to a specific social group, a cluster of characteristics that are attributed to members of a specific social group or category, refers to the group or groups to which we belong, refers to groups of which we are not a member, the tendency to see members of the out-group as much more similar to one another, even in areas that have little to do with the criteria for group membership, the belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to others, evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, and difficult to control, when you adjust your opinions, judgment, or behavior so that it matches other people, or the norms of a social group or situation, our desire to be liked and accepted by the group, looking to the group as a source of accurate information, the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command, when we help another person with no expectation of personal benefit, any behavior that helps another person whatever the underlying motive, people are much more likely to help when they are alone and if other people are present, helping behavior declines, the responsibility to intervene is shared among all the unlookers, people tend to expend less effort on collective tasks than they do when performing the same task alone, when a task is relatively simple or well rehearsed, the presence of other people tends to enhance individual performance, refers to the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose numbers feel annoymous, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, AP Psychology Vocabulary From the Book: Socia. Define attitude and list and explain the 3 identified components of an attitude: Attitude is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or mixed. This tendency is called the out-group homogeneity effect. Balkan Blue Lightning Unit Removed, Select one: A. additive B. elimination by aspects C. integrative D. single-feature, A system which provides . This example most clearly illustrates: B ) the other - race effect . You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. (5) The physical and psychological separation from the learner - Several "buffers" distanced the subject from the pain that he was inflicting on the learner. When she failed to get the contract in another situation, however, she said it was her fault for not trying hard enough. Listed are 29 ages for Academy Award-winning best actors in order from smallest to largest. However, when she went for a job interview she decided to wear a good tailored suit. Stereotypes are based on the assumption that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. Critical thinking is a crucial skill in psychology as it allows individuals to evaluate and analyze information objectively, make informed decisions, and arrive at logical conclusions. If you can easily rationalize your behavior to make it consistent with your attitude, then any dissonance you might experience can be quickly and easily resolved. Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. In effect, you're jumping to conclusions about another person on the basis of very limited information which is wrong even though it is the natural thing to do. Therefore, the scientific attitude including the sense of humility decreases with the hindsight bias. a. a measure of central tendency Behaviorism was characterized by: a. the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior b. a narrow focus upon the consciousness and conscious experience c. a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth The American social psychologist who is best known for his controversial series of studies investigating destructive obedience to an authority is: answer Stanley Milgram. More precisely, the in-group ("us") refers to the group or groups to which we belong, and out-group ("them") refers to groups of which we are not a member. Define the self-serving bias: Attribution is the process of inferring the cause of someone's behavior, including your own. Respond in two to three sentences. But when the final grades in the course were curved and she received an A-, she concluded that she had a real talent and mental capacity for logical scientific thinking. "Weve been together for two years, and he usually Hindsight bias stems from (a) cognitive inputspeople selectively recall information consistent with what they now know to be true; (b) metacognitive inputspeople may misattribute their ease of understanding an outcome to . School Saddleback College; Course Title CS1A 1A; Type. Stereotype Threat: is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. In the case of blaming the victim, hindsight bias makes it seem as if the victim should have been able to predictand preventwhat happened. the more industrialized a society becomes, the less formal its social institutions tend to be. In other words, we notice the diversity within our own group. The hindsight bias involves the tendency people have to assume that they knew the outcome of an event after the outcome has already been determined. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. This example illustrates: Althoughthe_____iscommoninindividualisticcultures,suchasAustraliaandtheUnitedStates, in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan and China, the _____ is more common. C) hindsight bias. All Rights Reserved. Overconfidence bias is the tendency to overestimate one's knowledge and abilities. When happy, intoxicated, or physically aroused by exercise or exertion, we are more likely to rate others as attractive. Having volunteered to participate in a experiment, Milgram's subjects arrived at the lab with the mental expectation that they would obediently follow the directions of the person in chargethe experimenter. The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." Each student became an expert on one aspect of the overall project and had to teach it to the other members of the group. A)the tendency, in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics.B)the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome.C)the tendency to take credit for our successes by attributing them to internal personal causes.D)the tendency in collectivistic cultures to blame ourselves for our failures, while downplaying our successes. What is the difference between gerrymandering and Redistricting? Representative bias 2. Three keys to an enduring companionate love include: An increase in __________________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between, When conflicts between parties become intense, a third-party mediator will try to help these, Davids history teacher asked him why so many German people complied. Thinking in this way also helped reduce any cognitive dissonance the soldiers might have been experiencing by justifying the aggression. Cognitive dissonance commonly occurs in situations in which you become uncomfortably aware that your behavior and your attitudes are in conflict. [In Focus]: Explain how characteristics such as physical appearance, interpersonal, situational, or cultural factors can influence attraction and liking: Physical appearance, especially facial features, is probably the most significant factor in attraction. He discovered that YES, people WOULD conform a majority of the time to the group even if the group opinion was wrong. The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen, Dan is wealthy, and his peers are aware of this. In these situations, you are simultaneously holding two conflicting cognitions: your original attitude versus the realization your behavior contradicts that attitude. C. the persistent want for a higher standard of living, D. an ever increasing growth rate of capital per hour of labor. Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. What is implied by stimulus generalization? b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. b. British monetary authorities announce that they feel the pound has been driven too low by currency speculators relative to the dollar. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines hindsight bias as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." For example, after attending a baseball game, you might insist that you knew that the winning team was going to win beforehand. Explicit Cognition refer to deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning of other people. This can lead to a false sense of confidence in our ability to predict future events. In combination, stereotypes and in-group/out-group bias form the cognitive basis for prejudicial attitudes. . the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Dr. Krane's research focuses on an area of social psychology called: The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own,is called: Natalie suggests that the aggressiveness of her brother's new friend is the result of his friend's low self-esteem. d. to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Explain how the murder of a New York women; Kitty Genovese triggered our study and understanding of the bystander effect and list some factors that increase the likelihood of a bystander coming to the aid of a stranger: Kitty Genovese's death triggered hundreds of investigations into the conditions under which people will help others. Categorizing the prisoners in this way allowed the guards to dehumanize the detainees, who were seen as subhuman. we are more attracted to people whom we perceive as being like usin physical characteristics, personality traits, attitudes, and even psychological health. The results? a. y=3x+5y=-3 x+5y=3x+5 and y=2x10y=2 x-10y=2x10, b. y=x+7y=x+7y=x+7 and y=2+xy=-2+xy=2+x. In other words, we behave according to the situation we are in. The responsibility to intervene is shared (or diffused) among all the onlookers. Only after we know what happens, it is easy to construct a plausible story to see how the conclusion was "inevitable". Not surprisingly, ethnocentric thinking contributes to the formation of negative stereotypes about other cultures whose customs differ from our own. List some conditions under which our attitude will most likely influence/determine your behavior: When you feel strongly about an issue, have a personal stake in the issue, and anticipate a positive outcome in a particular situation, your attitudes will influence your behavior. The text book defines _____ as behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval. the tendency to spontaneously attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the role of external, situational factors . b. c. in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics. Social Psychology investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment. APA Dictionary of Psychology hindsight bias the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen. Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. "Ill make sure that you are always sexually satisfied."c. just-word hypothesis. Milgram's first obedience study was conducted with 40 male subjects. Hindsight is 20/20 The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." When we're uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information, which is called informational social influence. These biases can affect how individuals process information, interpret data, and make decisions. Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. As a result, the M1 money multiplier was below 1 for most of the time from October 2008 through 2011. According to your textbook, the two key research areas in social psychology are: As a student majoring in psychology, Hannah is interested in how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes. All Rights Reserved. Hannah's interest most closely resembles an area of social psychology called: Dr. Krane studies questions such as why we conform to group norms, what compels us to obey authority figures, and the conditions under which people will help a stranger. For each of the following scenarios, assess the impact the announcement would have on an American importer foreign country: a. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Basic Guiding Principals of Perception: (1) Your reactions to others are determined by your perceptions of them, not by who they really are, (2) Your self-perception also influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions, (3) Your goals in a particular situation determine the amount and kinds of information you collect about others, and (4) In every situation, you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act. When Eileen told her father that someone had stolen her new cell phone at school,he said that she should have known better than to take her phone to school. B ) fundamental attribution bias ; just - world hypothesis. Children in the jigsaw classrooms benefited in several areas. Sometimes we help others out of guilt. D) unconscious patronization. The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: . Wikipedia explains hindsight bias as: "Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. The hindsight bias, or the "knew-it-all-along"_ effect, refers to the tendency of people, after an event, to overestimate the likelihood that they correctly would have predicted the outcome's occurrence had they been asked in advance (Arkes, Faust, Guilmette, & Hart, 1988).
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