The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . The pilots were expected to fly their plane directly into warships, causing maximum damage. However, we can make several important observations, given that the translated excerpts provided by Axell and Kase are indeed representative of the manual as a whole, and we also have Manual 1 for comparison. As such, the manual represents an organizing force in the officers and his pilots lives; it governs their conduct and purpose. (p. 81). The New York Times. Through our rhetorical analysis of these documents and their unique context, we show that they, through procedure, reinforce the decision to become living missiles as a rational choice. Thematic analysis of U.S. and Latin American CEO letters. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. meaning. Ten minutes at Midway. Pilots would not see this manual in normal conditions, though it is quite possible some of it was used verbatim as teaching material. The main focus of Manual 2, based on the translated excerpts, is threefold: 1) mental and spiritual preparation, 2) technical instruction, and 3) vivid and lurid description of the suicidal act. 241260). We placed a special emphasis when collaborating on what rhetorician Michael Leff has called the effort to interpret the intentional dynamics of a text (Things, 1992, p. 223) with the goal of producing an account of the rhetorical dynamics implicit within it [the text] (Legacy, 1986, p. 378). Samurai. Michigan State University Press. Loose comparisons could be made between the Togo pilots and the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who apparently had a highly religious Last Night document with detailed instructions (New York Times). As such, the larger organizational strategy, or any graphics, are unavailable. The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. Her email address is hillj@uhd.edu. (2014). Strike an enemy vessel that is either moored or at sea. Technical instructions typically promote agency in the user by affording the opportunity to complete a task. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. In these two cases, the manuals exhibit clear rhetorical strategies toward engaging their audiences: the young, inexperienced, and bushido-motivated Togo pilots, and their officers, charged with nothing less than successfully killing both the enemy and their own personnel. As seen here, the success of this attack stems truly in the spiritual strength of the in-air workers. Fourth, Manual 1 serves as an excellent example of authoritarian professional discourse that was apparently effective to some degree, in the sense there are no documented instances of Togo pilots defying their orders. American forces were about to land on Okinawa, which was adjacent to the Japanese home islands, and few Japanese naval vessels remained to oppose them. Were the goals reasonable in this case? Instant PDF downloads. This made even conventional air attacks near suicidal, as they largely had to be made by inexperienced pilots in decrepit aircraft against increasingly plentiful and better-armored American planes. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 197214. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? He embarks on his final, suicide mission with thoughts of glory and his country filling him but then sees the world below him as he flies. Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. Overall, during the war, Japanese pilots flew over 2,500 suicide sorties (missions with multiple planes and pilots, and not counting escorts or observers), sinking 33 American ships, killing 4,900 American sailors and wounding 4,800, with about 4,000 Japanese pilots lost (Correll, 2015). It is also part of the more. For this, it is necessary to seek any opportunity after arriving at a battlefield and also to be devoted in training to value, and use even one second of leisurely time (for a goal). Download. GCSE Subjects GCSE Subjects Art and Design Biology (Single Science) Business Chemistry (Single Science) Combined Science Computer Science Design and Technology Digital Technology (CCEA) Drama. Soldiers disobeying an order could be executed summarily, and their entire families could suffer consequences as well; this discipline was just as harsh in the Togo squadrons, where officers sometimes capriciously sent pilots they disliked out on missions while delaying others from more prominent families (Ohnuki-Tierney, 2006, p. 11). Factors affecting the processing of procedural instructions: Implications for document design. Without questioning, of course, presupposes the idea of questioning, another unwanted state. Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. Katz concluded critically that the German memo was not only highly effective from the standards of modern technical communication, but it operated like much later modern technical communication through an ethics of expediency where the means justify the ends and the ends are never in question (p. 257). 7879). Images and encouraging language can be helpful, certainly, but they also ethically enable. Continuing to reinforce the desired state, the manual emphasizes seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength): (6) In order to complete the assigned tasks, Togo troop [members] have to possess not only seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength) but also eyes that can determine opportunities and skills in order to achieve goals. Negative verdicts of military discourse include sexism in a U.S. vehicle maintenance manual (Bernhardt, 1992), communicative incompetence by a Civil War general (Loges, 1995), dangerous negligence to a nearby civilian community by a U.S. facility (Dragga & Gong, 2014), and inconsistency to the long-term detriment of soldier health in medical discourse (Lindsey, 2015). A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. Like what you see? Tes paid licence How can I reuse this? The Japanese navy and army were issued a pocket-sized Instructions for the Battlefield, or Senjinkun, published in January 1941, which portrayed surrender or capture as strictly forbidden and dishonorable (Correll, 2015). Kamikaze. There is a lengthy sequence dealing with the strong imagery of the sea and the power of nature. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. (GCSE 1hr PP with differentiated tasks, New Spec) The poem tells us about a Japanese womans father. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. Markel, M. (2005). Technical Communication, 61(2), 7694. theme. The theme of memory can also be explored in Poppies and the theme of the power of nature can be found in Ozymandias and Storm on the Island. We regret that we cannot make any definitive claims about usability, but again, the lack of documented refusals suggests usability issues did not negatively affect the overall mission of the Togo. It is one thing to be asked, as part of ones duty, to kill yourself via direct personal order; it is another to be ordered to do so through, or with assistance from, the medium of a manual (Manual 2) or to order others to kill themselves with the aid of a manual (Manual 1). This further enhances the sense of disconnect from the reader and the mans family. Teachers of instructional writing have countless choices when it comes to providing real-world examples of genre, but few examples are as gripping, ethically problematic, and dramatic as these. Instead, as in Dive, the reader sees a simple triangle, with the hypotenuse being the path of the plane. Even so, each airplane needs to calmly proceed with a deadly attack with a burning determination to sink the target, and to accomplish the assignment to completion. At school she was punished for misdemeanours by being made to memorise large sections of poetry. Onomatopoeia 12. The word. Dive Bomber! A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. Context - Kamikaze was written by Beatrice Garland, and was published in 2013. 1 There once was a country I left it as a child. Kamikaze: Japans suicide gods. Furthermore, we suggest that, even early on, Manual 1 represents what we call, for lack of a better term, a closed procedure. During the Second World War, the term 'kamikaze' was used for Japanese fighter pilots who were sent on suicide missions. Her research interests are in foreign language education in U.S. contexts and language acquisition of immigrants from Japan and the Arab world. This is where Manual 2 comes in with its dual mental/spiritual advice, deviating from mechanistic technique to offer emotional comfort. In A. Henning, T., & Bemer, A. There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. Realistically, in such a stressful moment, few pilots followed all these instructions to the letter; however, the manuals presence in training would increase the chances of some directives being remembered and followed and thus increase the chances of a successful attack. The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. . This character originally looked a little more like lightening, which represented the ancient belief that such night-splitting events marked the arrival of a god. They will also gain an understanding of the wider context of the poem. It was first used to describe a series of typhoons (serious storms from the sea) that prevented two of Kublai Khan's attempts to invade Japan in the 13 th century. Horne, A. The daughter imagines why her father chose to turn back, seeing the earth and sea below him and remembering his own childhood. A classical case of poor communication: P.G.T. Beauregards battle orders and Report of the First Battle of Bull Run. In 2002, Albert Axell and Hideaki Kase published translated-into-English excerpts from an 88-page manual dated May 1945, compiled by the Shimoshizu Air Unit in Chiba Prefecture, near Tokyo (p. 27). docx, 46.37 KB. His action (of returning home rather than committing suicide) shamed the entire family and the nation. One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. Reeves, C. (2005). Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The words spoken in the later stanzas are the daughters imaginings of what her father saw and thought (half way there, she thought) rather than the pilots own. Each, along with the imperative text, contributes to an abstracted, clinical perspective that dehumanizes and renders abstract the horrific act of these pilots suicides. Pearson. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70, 51167. Technical Communication, 46(1), 4254. Of particular interest, given the growing interest in intercultural rhetorics, would be not only drawing further attention to the context of military documentation but how different militaries have taken differing approaches to the same mundane task. If a Togo pilot saw a squadmates plane make its final dive, he was more likely to do likewise. The word kamikaze means 'divine wind' in Japanese. Buy my revision guides in paperback on Amazon*:Power and Conflict poetry guide (ebook) https://bit.ly/2PS8bw6 Mr Bruff's Guide to GCSE English Language ht. docx, 36.18 KB. Baer, G. W. (1996). It begins as a kind of report, summarising another conversation or an overheard story told by someone else. The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. 30a tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous. 4. of, pertaining to, undertaken by, or characteristic of a kamikaze. prince, muscular, dangerous. The first full stop of the entire poem occurs at the end of the fifth stanza as the pilot makes the life altering decision to turn back and the remainder of the poem is in the voice of his daughter. Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. First, this manual was written for commanding those who are certain to die in action, as opposed to a more conventional military manual written for those with at least a chance of surviving enemy action. Bliese, J. R. E. (1994). A fantasy-theme analysis of Arthur Barlowes 1584 Discourse on Virginia: The first English commercial report written about North America from direct experience. However, perhaps most notable about these images is what they do not includeany real aspect of hurtling hundreds of miles an hour in a plane toward a collision with a huge, near-stationary steel target that is actively shooting back, or the sudden explosion in a giant ball of fire and debris. The opening stanza begins with a mention of the samurai sword carried by the pilot, a clear indicator of the culture from which the pilot comes. This distancing move may or may not have been intentional but, regardless, a dialogue about the spatial proximity of visuals and the text they supplement is an essential one in which students should participate. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. 3. a person or thing that behaves in a wildly reckless or destructive manner. A nation challenged: Notes found after the hijackings. With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. 2368268). And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2001). The intended audience is the high-level commander of a Togo squadron, who would in turn be commanding the individual pilots. Sink the enemy and thus pave the road for our peoples victory. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. It is an honor to be able to give my life in defense of these beautiful and lofty things (Feifer, 2012, p. 157). The year of the kamikaze. Select any word below to get its definition in the context of the poem. Kamikaze pilots were soldiers who flew aircraft loaded with explosives into enemy ships in suicide attacks. Based on these observations, we would make four global arguments about Manual 1. 374.6 KB. Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Comparisons and alternative. Still, the references to mental strength or will are a failsafe, in that the Togo high-level commander needed to monitor the pilots for potential lapses in willpower. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. Few extant studies on military technical communication seem to fit our task. (p. 78). The absence of doubt is substantial; the manual makes killing yourself for your country just another procedure. We then rhetorically analyzed the text in a similar manner to how a wide variety of technical communication texts in the literature have been treated, such as engineering documents (Ding, 2001), 16th century commercial reports (Moran, 2002), corporate privacy policy statements (Markel, 2005), scientific papers (Reeves, 2005), and CEO letters (Conaway, 2010), among others. If it is inevitable and they become separated, the Togo troop commander needs to quickly [ishi o motte] (own a clear will) and continue moving forward. We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. All the pilot must do is look up what kind of plane he will be flying and memorize the correct airspeed, altitude, and attack angle (through the accompanying table). They are to be followed as closely as possible. It is also, in our opinion, chilling. Fortunately, the manual provides the solution, which is an order not to be disappointed and to prepare for the next attack. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. The last two stanzas of the poem are written in this way as the daughter explains the impact of her fathers decision to return home. We're here to help each child succeed. The theme of national identity can also be explored in the poem Checking Out Me History, The Emigre or The Charge of the Light Brigade. It also appears that this manual could be used in multiple Togo units as its orders are not from any specific source and are applicable to several tactical situations. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. University of Chicago Press. Do their words really matter? Our remarks on Manual 2 cannot be as extensive as for Manual 1, as we have been so far unable to locate the Japanese text of Manual 2. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Early to middle 1945 saw Imperial Japan in near-complete disarray, both militarily and economically. (2001, September 29). Without specific orders to do so, and the military structure to enable the act, we suspect kamikaze attacks would have still occurred but would have been far rarer and disorganized. kamikaze one of a group of Japanese WW2 pilots who flew on suicide missions samurai sword a traditional Japanese sword cairns piles of stones, usually to mark something breakers waves that hit the shoreline what is this poem about The poem opens with a kamikaze pilot setting off on his mission. This mindset was not limited to Togo pilots; the mass suicides of both Japanese soldiers and civilians during the invasion of Okinawa paralleled the intense kamikaze attacks of the war off the coast (Shimpo et al., 2014, p. 3). What seems to be an escape from duty becomes, again, the single path, which, according to the next directive, must be followed right up to the instant of death: (32) As for immediately before the crash, as pressing the elevator(s) (down) completely by increasing the speed, it is important not to lose the sight of the target by closing the eyes for a split second. And though he By Naoko Ozaki, Jillian Hill, and Mike Duncan. The pilot in 'Kamikaze',who struggles between his love for his country and his need to turn around, and the mother in'Poppies',who longs to tell her son not to go to war, but also knows that she must allow him this freedom. The same goes for Formationsthere is no humanistic content, only triangles and lines. In M. Flammia and K. St.Amant (Eds. Although his decision was made because of a deep desire to remain with his young family, the result was not that of a happy family unit. Unusual and compelling artifacts such as these kamikaze manuals work well to bring alive in the classroom a usually mundane yet fundamental corner of technical communication. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . Pilot preparation shares an emphasis on mental and spiritual preparation with Manual 1: Transcend life and death. (Reprinted from Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. Pulling out of the dive left the bomber vulnerable to attack as monoplanes of the era were slow climbers, but with the Togo, there was no concern for escape. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. Conscientious objectors did not exist. 'incantation' - a magic spell or chant 'bunting' - strings of flags, often used in celebration 'breakers' - big waves that come in to the shore 5 8. 6 my original view, the bright, filled paperweight.. 7 It may be at war, it may be sick with tyrants,. The rhetoric of misdirection in corporate privacy-policy statements. Verification step and personal stories in an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on confidence, motivation, and usability. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2013). Half way there he looked down at the boats below him on the sea and began to remember his childhood. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? They will also gain an understanding of the wider context of the poem. Contrary to popular legend, Japanese conventional pilots during the war were indeed issued parachutes, but most refused to wear them as they did not want to be captured and they got in the way of flying (Caidin & Saito, 1957). It is our hope that this rhetorical analysis sheds light on the phenomenon of the Togo attacks and opens up future fruitful analysis of other military manuals and discourse, particularly those from World War II. The title of the poem is precisely the subject of the poem. This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. As technical communication professors, we first became interested in analyzing these manuals as particularly extreme examples of the genre that test the boundaries of what can be considered technical instruction. chattered and laughed. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. World War II Poetry Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2007). sea. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2003). "the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" Given the approach speeds of the planes being over a hundred knots, it is good advice for increasing the chance of hitting the target. This advice is repeated in Manual 2, and the doubling suggests the advice was common. Loges, M. (1995). (p. 82). : Aircraft, technology, and tactics in World War II. We are not equating these with the Togo, but it is, again, hard to distance ourselves from the emotion inherent in an act that demonstrates a near-total disregard for self, even when the testimony of the pilot diaries suggests this was often a fatalistic veneer constructed to deal with an effectively inescapable fate. Thus, these manuals reinforced their justification of desperate yet reasonable and rational action. Stackpole Books. You can see clearly the muzzles of the enemys guns. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. green-blue translucent sea, and beneath them, We have not yet examined the original, but we have a high-quality scan courtesy of the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots in Japan, where the original is located. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. We suggest further studies in military technical communication, emphasizing cultural differences between different militaries. Simple sentences 11. The manual genre in technical communication aims to help readers accomplish a task that they either could not do alone or could do more efficiently with assistance from the text. Shimpo, R., Masahide, O., Ealey, M., and McLauchlan, A. A link to Garland's own website, which has a number of her poems up for reading. When you eliminate all thoughts about life and death, you will be able to totally disregard your earthly life. Second, for the Togo pilots, immersed in a bushido-driven culture, hearing about their friends dying in action (making it difficult to excuse not risking their lives as well), living under the Japanese Field Service Code that forbade surrender or capture, and faced with an imminent ground invasion of Japans home islands (reinforced strongly by American propaganda), the most rational and really the only choice was to become a living missile. Death is the only available path; there is no other desired state. Technical Communication, 54(1), 7487. It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. This visual depiction creates an abstract fantasy world. The other two images, Attack Assignments and Formations, are no less dehumanizing and simplifying. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/us/a-nation-challenged-notes-found-after-the-hijackings.html. The pilot has a shaven head which is full of powerful incantations, both images more indicative of Buddhist or Shinto monks and priests than soldiers and pilots. ), wartime actions against enemy soldiers is generally not. thoughout the poem there is constant mention of the sea. https://www.historynet.com/ten-minutes-at-midway.htm. When the Society of Technical Communication defined the role of technical communicator for the U.S. Department of Labor in 2012, it stated that practitioners produce instruction manuals and other supporting documents (Henning & Bemer, 2016, p. 313); given this centrality of the manual genre, we feel obligated to venture beyond the rhetorical analysis into ethics.
