He sought the support of France's constitutional bodies and worked closely with Catherine to defend the law in the face of the growing anarchy. The long-term future of the Valois dynasty, which had ruled France since the 14th century, seemed assured. Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine's statesmanship. Moving on to the fortress of Carlat, Margaret took a lover called d'Aubiac. [11], In 1527, the Medici were overthrown in Florence by a faction opposed to the regime of Clement's representative, Cardinal Silvio Passerini, and Catherine was taken hostage and placed in a series of convents. 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. Corrections? It is also necessary to understand this political struggle of the Catholic crown with its own ultramontane extremists and to perceive its fluctuations in changing circumstances, in order to realize the fundamental consistency of Catherines career. As Guise entered the king's chamber, the Forty-five plunged their blades into his body, and he died at the foot of the king's bed. Princess Claude of Valois (Historical In 1533, at the age of 14, Catherine married Henry, the second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France, who would become Dauphin of France upon the death of his elder brother Francis in 1536. Viscount Catherine's former lover and Clarissa's father was Richard DelaCroix. [82], Two years later, Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty-three. "[83], Henry was Catherine's favourite son. She shared the same birthmark as her father, so Catherine had Nostradamus father, a physician, attempt to remove the birthmark from Clarissa. On 11 April 1572, Margaret was betrothed to Henry of Navarre, the future King of Navarre and also in line for the French throne after Margarets brothers. Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy. Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. WebHistorically, by Louis, she had two daughters, who were influential members of the royal household- there's no mention of a son like in the show, Sebastian . Slowly, however, he lost his sight, speech, and reason, and on 10 July 1559 he died, aged 40. To save Catherines life, baby Joan dead or dying had her legs broken to remove her from her mothers womb. His interest in the tasks of government, however, proved fitful. Rumours immediately spread that Catherine had ordered Joans death, but she had nothing to gain the wedding contract had already been signed. Thus began her lifelong struggleexplicit in her correspondencewith these extremists who, supported by Spain and the papacy, sought to dominate the crown and extinguish its independence in the commingled interests of European Catholicism and personal aggrandizement. Clarice de' Medici On 5 January 1589, Catherine died at the age of sixty-nine, probably from pleurisy. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. [99] "Take care", she wrote to the king, "especially about your person. A distinctive new art form, the ballet de cour, emerged from these creative advances. Catherine de Philip II excused himself from the occasion. In fact, by her death, that land was filled with regrets, and M. de Lorraine mourned her so much that, though he was young when widowed of her, he would not marry again, saying he could never find her like, though could he do so he would remarry, not being disinclined. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. [63] The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 2223 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued. Margaret of Valois was the third daughter and seventh child of King Henry II of France and his Italian queen, Catherine de Medici. [28] Although she sometimes acted as regent during his absences from France, her powers were strictly nominal. She was educated by nuns in Florence and in Rome. [34] Their proxy wedding, in Paris on 22 June 1559, was celebrated with festivities, balls, masques, and five days of jousting. Meanwhile, Cond raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Catherine-de-Medici, World History Encyclopedia - Catherine de' Medici, History Learning Site - Biography of Catherine de Medici, Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino. Both of her parents died within weeks of her birth, leaving her an orphan. Catherine De Medici Catherine de' Medici She was left in the care of Nostradamus, who secretly brought her to the French court and allowed for her to live in the secret passageways of the castle, out of the sight of her family, who believed that she had died. Catherine wrote to Henry of Charles IX's death: "I am grief-stricken to have witnessed such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end My only consolation is to see you here soon, as your kingdom requires, and in good health, for if I were to lose you, I would have myself buried alive with you. She was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. Joan became even sicker, and she died, shortly before her son arrived, on 9 June. Catherines daughters Elisabeth and Claude bore children who lived into adulthood, including King Charles IX of France, Prince Louis, and Prince Henri of France. She is the younger half-sister of Clarissa and Sebastian, the younger sister of Francis, Louis, Elisabeth, Claude, Charles, Henry, Henrietta and Emone. Catherine de Medici's Chamber of Secrets Catherine met Coligny, but he refused to back down. Labouvie suggested that women's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life, whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power; that of attacking health, life and fertility. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. She therefore told him: "Since you rely on your forces, we will show you ours". What was Catherine de Medici best known for? Catherine de Margaret later recalled that she saved the lives of several prominent Huguenots during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. She died on 27 March 1615.2. This plan also had the added advantage of removing the Huguenots from France, but it failed to interest the Ottomans.[61]. WebCatherine's mother died when she was two-weeks-old and her father soon afterwards. At first Catherine kept him very close to her, and even slept in his chamber. She was soon part of marriage negotiations and was considered as a bride for King Edward VI of England. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Caterina de Medici, Catherine de Mdicis, Emeritus Professor of Early Modern History, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London. Margaret had put up a good show for the Queen and Joan wrote enthusiastically to her son with one point, If she embraces our religions, I may say that we are the happiest persons in the world Margaret could not have opposed this match with Henry more, but it was going to happen whether she wanted or not. They finally married on 18 August, but Margaret persisted until the end, she offered no resistance, she gave no assent. Her head was pushed down by her brother as if she were nodding yes and so she became the Queen of Navarre. Orsini, the wife of Lorenzo "il Magnifico" de [87] On 6 May 1576, Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the Edict of Beaulieu. Victoire was born safely but Joan did not want to come and Catherine began to weaken quickly. She was later captured after villagers accused her of stealing, and she was about to be hanged when King Henry's son Sebastian de Poitiers interceded and decided to bring her to court to face trial. WebDuring this time, Catherine had an affair with Richard, and had a baby girl with him, who became the castle 'ghost', Clarissa. He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life. As time passed and the likelihood of children from the marriage receded, Catherine's youngest son, Francis, Duke of Alenon, known as "Monsieur", played upon his role as heir to the throne, repeatedly exploiting the anarchy of the civil wars, which were by now as much about noble power struggles as religion. Seeing as they didn't know the other existed for the first 18 - to 20 years of their lives. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. According to a contemporary chronicler, when Catherine was born, her parents were "as pleased as if it had been a boy". "[131] Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II's heart. [41] When the Guises heard of the plot,[42] they moved the court to the fortified Chteau of Amboise. Through the intervention of Doctor Jean Fernel, the royal couple went on to have 10 children. However, the death of her uncle Clement on 25 September 1534 undermined Catherine's standing in the French court. She was not primarily responsible for the more far-reaching Treaty of Saint-Germain (August 1570), but she succeeded in disgracing the Guises. Not much later, she actually married Philip himself when he was widowed upon the death of Queen Mary I of England. The infertility of Catherine de Medici Elizabeth I of England's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world. Biography Early Life In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics". At the same moment, eight members of the Guise family were rounded up, including the Duke of Guise's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, who Henry's men hacked to death the next day in the palace dungeons. The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion. Biography. In fact, a large population of Italiansbankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including Leonardo da Vincihad emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance. Catherine was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. [102] The monarchy had lost control of the country, and was in no position to assist England in the face of the coming Spanish attack. "[111] Catherine's immediate reaction is not known; but on Christmas Day, she told a friar, "Oh, wretched man! She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes. From the notorious to the half-forgotten, Queens of Infamy, a Longreads series by Anne Thriault, focuses on badass world-historical women of centuries past. Catherine then spent an hour trying to make Margaret presentable again. Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. Simply click 'close' in the top right corner to continue reading! When Jeanne arrived in Paris to buy clothes for the wedding, she was taken ill and died on 9 June 1572, aged forty-three. [122], Many of Caron's paintings, such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons, are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine's court was famous. [44], In June 1560, Michel de l'Hpital was appointed Chancellor of France. She was born less than 20 years ago to the couple while the Queen's husband was away. The Florentine people called her duchessina ("the little duchess"), in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino. [4] Catherine decided to launch a drive to enforce the Edict of Amboise and revive loyalty to the crown. Sutherland, Yet on 22 December 1588, Guise spent the night with his current mistress. In the Series Season One Season Two Season Three Season Four The death of her husband's older brother in 1536 made Henry and Catherine next in line for the throne. The Huguenots retreated to the fortified stronghold of La Rochelle on the west coast, where Jeanne d'Albret and her fifteen-year-old son, Henry of Bourbon, joined them. The 10 years from 1560 to 1570 were, politically, the most important of Catherines life. On 18 February 1563, a spy called Poltrot de Mr fired an arquebus into the back of the Duke of Guise, at the siege of Orlans. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life but outlived her by just seven months. Catherine succeeded in obtaining the regency for Charles IX, with Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre and first prince of the blood, as lieutenant general, to whom the Protestants vainly looked for leadership. His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the ftes, picnics, and mock battles of the "magnificent" entertainments hosted by Catherine. She was crowned in the Basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549. Within a month of Catherine's birth, both her parents were dead: Madeleine died on 28 April of puerperal fever, and Lorenzo died on 4 May. King Henry took part in the jousting, sporting Diane's black-and-white colours. She was born with her father's birthmark on [116] She was inspired by the example of her father-in-law, King Francis I of France, who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court, and by her Medici ancestors. Claude gave birth to Catherines first grandson, named Henry, on 8 November 1563. [48], Charles IX was nine years old at the time of his coronation, during which he cried. [5] Catherine has been called "the most important woman in Europe in the 16th century.[6]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The challenges Catherine faced were complex and in some ways difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner. [2] In return, she was blamed for the persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in France. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. As a Farnese he felt no obligation to keep Clement's promises, broke the alliance with Francis and refused to continue paying her huge dowry. Was she not compelled to play strange parts to deceive first one and then the other, in order to guard, as she did, her sons, who successively reigned through the wise conduct of that shrewd woman? [93] On her return to Paris in 1579, she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise. I have had him killed. Many portraits in her collection were by Jean Clouet (14801541) and his son Franois Clouet (c.1510 1572). [136][137] They point out that Catherine's father-in-law, King Francis I, and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy's most lite tables during the king's Italian campaigns (and that an earlier generation had done so during King Charles VIII's invasion of 1494); that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de' Medici's father to her French-born mother; and that she had little influence at court until her husband's death because he was so besotted by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. Claude and Charles would go on to have nine children, of which seven would survive to adulthood. [39] For the moment, Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity. Catherine de Medici [129] Poets lauded her as the new Artemisia, after Artemisia II of Caria, who built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus as a tomb for her dead husband. [138], The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for "cuisine" in Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopdie published in 1754, which describes haute cuisine as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via "that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de' Medici. What happened to King Francis of France mother? Nevertheless, she was devastated at Elisabeths loss. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". WebClarissa Delacroix (1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead. Anyone who tells you differently is a liar. 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Margaret of Valois, Frances Slandered Key Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th-century politics. [107] The king's actions effectively ended her days of power. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. Born on 13th April 1519, Catherine is still remembered as the 'Black Queen' of France, foe of all Protestants, and the Italian daughter of a merchant who dragged France into a series of bloody, religious civil wars. Catherine de Medici was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. Catherine de' Medici [149] In any event, the rumours have made a mark on Catherine's reputation over time, and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the occult. Catherine de' Medici Essentially, however, there exists no concrete proof that either woman took part in the occult, and it is now believed that Catherine's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to Henry II's penile deformity.[142]. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. Henry's death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. On 27 September 1567, in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux, Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king, triggering renewed civil war. Artistic, energetic, and extraverted, as well as discreet, courageous, and gay, Catherine was greatly esteemed at the dazzling court of Francis I, from which she derived both her political attitudes and her passion for building. It was only after Leo's death in 1521, that his successor, Adrian VI, restored the duchy to its rightful owner, Francesco Maria I della Rovere. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Clarissa educated Catherine, along with her own children, and Catherine was happy in her new atmosphere living with her aunt. The members of the Flying Squadron were supposedly so beautiful and so good at their jobs that they were known to make men see God, or at least worship Him in a different way.
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