There has been an increase in the number of epidemiologic studies reported in medical journals because: they interest the public and physicians concerned with preventive medicine. Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line. Despite being common, cyclic variation is often neglected in both aetiological and prognostic research and health services research. Takayasu arteritis is a disease of the aorta and its branches, however pulmonary and cardiac arteries may be involved. Intervention that takes place during late pathogenesis and is designed to reduce the limitations of disability from disease, Teenage pregnancy is a major public health issue in the United States. You say you cannot test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group. True or False? use a different disease for each characteristic of PERSON or you may choose a The relationship between prevalence and incidence can be understood through a simple -the person has had symptoms and has had medical attention but does not know the name of the disease. One of the problems that this study may have faced is individuals lost to follow-up during the five-year period. Sketch the velocity profile along a line of constant \theta. data for a particular year: Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month: 12, The results of routine physical examinations 2. of age adjustment. Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. What type of study is preferred for assessing rare diseases? This is a use primarily for incidence data. Intervention designed to reduce the progress of a disease after the agent interacts with the host; occurs during the period of pathogenesis. True or False? promoting the cessation of cigarette smoking via talk therapy or nicotine substitutes. The term health disparities refers to differences in health characteristics (e.g., mortality and burden of disease) that exist among specific U.S. population groups. data for a particular year: The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was: A prerequisite for using the direct method of age adjustment is that the age- Pandemics", killed between 50-100 million people worldwide and it is estimated that 1/ Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to, Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, Which month in 1918 was the cruelest as far as the number of deaths from the flu in the United States? Neither observers nor subjects know which subject receives the vaccine and which receives the placebo. A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. Among smokers, the etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: 0.90 for lung cancer and 0.29 for coronary thrombosis, The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies and more. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above ** (p. 218) There are a number of factors which are reflected in a cyclic variations in occurrence disease. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? are required to give 0.102 mol HClO4HClO_4HClO4? Predicting Consequences How does pollution of the ocean affect the fishing industry? According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: How were most Ebola cases from the Kikwit outbreak transmitted? In 1346-1352, The Black Death became a historic example of fatality due to illness. Antigenicity of an infectious agent is measured by the secondary attack rate. approach you would use. In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. - allows comparisons by age, sex, and race. These patterns may reflect more harmful exposures, lower . The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. You are interested in controlling cigarette smoking among women aged 15-24. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect what? Seasonal variations True or False: Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. Prevalence is a Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect, seasonal variations in cases of influenza. incidence and prevalence of disease. The risk of congenital malformations is half as high among users of the drug as among non-users 2. or condition at a given point in time. True or False? formula, known as the prevalence-incidence relationship. failure to identify persons who have the condition, A test that determines whether disease is actually present is a. 1. Social and Behavioral dimensions that impact human health include: social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices, Help received from other people when one is under stress. of the world population was infected by it. A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). True or False? 2019 in China. In contrast to observational studies, intervention studies are employed to: Which types of health issues are likely to be addressed in community trials? The person with disease has had no symptoms and is not aware of the disease 2. population is equal to the incidence of new cases multiplied by the average duration of The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. Assume everyone ate the same food items. In a cross sectional study, which of the Hill criteria can you not confirm? (You may Convey your understanding of the difference between In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. -Influence of climate A. number of persons who ate a specific food and became ill/ total number of persons who ate the specific food Certain diseases can occur more than once in the same individual during a stated An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when: True or False? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors (All of the above) Health phenomena may show cyclic variations in a person's response to temporary stressors. Providing a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease: Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease. Smoking cessation 2. - Screening for breast cancer - Secondary prevention Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? Your Answer: Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? True or False? The public health officer from Long Beach complains to you about the dreaded Pacific Pox. The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. prostate cancer. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect Changes in exposure to infectious agents, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons, Changes in temporary stressors, Endogenous biologic factors Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? can range from unintentional injuries in youth to cancer in old age. shows that the prevalence of a disease is influenced by both the incidence of new cases certain diseases increases with age, such as cancer. Americans have a higher incidence of hypertension than whites, even at an early age The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: -the variation in age-specific disease rates. When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. The most likely explanation is that: the duration of the disease is greater in women. What level of prevention is represented by screening for breast cancer? Incidence is often expressed as a rate per unit of population and time (e., per 100, disease in this population would be 500 cases (100 cases per year x 5 years). - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive EX: nations, states, census tracts, counties, Uses a control group, the cases have a specific outcome in mind while the controls do not, exposure has already occurred in the past, ODDS RATIO, A group that is followed over a period of time, a longitudinal study, leads to many different outcomes, little exposure EX: birth or age cohort, work cohort, RISK RATIO, AKA Intervention Study: changing some aspect of the status of the subject, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiments, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman. True or False? C. Similar to the incidence rate of a disease of short duration. In cohort studies, information can be obtained on rare exposures. One of the charges, (q1=+8.5C)isatx1=+3.0cm\left( q _ { 1 } = + 8.5 \mu \mathrm { C } \right) \text { is at } x _ { 1 } = + 3.0 \mathrm { cm } long-term changes in mortality trends. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, The external validity of the data. Define the terms "endemic", "epidemic", and "pandemic". . Choose the incorrect answer. maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. Chapters 3 & 4 Quiz 1) Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above The answer is all of the above. The ratio of severe cases to other clinically apparent cases was: An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. True or False? A form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation is an example of what? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: 2.A. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? National Health Survey. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Historical shift from high birth and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates found in developed countries.why, bc improvement in general hygiene and social conditions. particularly for chronic disease: The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases: The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the E qually through follow-up for mortality. Fifty other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. frequency over time? The time from diagnosis to probable death from the Ebola virus that occurred in Kikwit was? Which of the following best explains this difference between the positive predictive values? R(x+y)dA\iint _ { R } ( x + y ) d AR(x+y)dA; R is bounded by y=|x| and y=4. the disease in the population. The 2009-2010 episode of influenza first identified in the United States and eventually called 2009 H1N1 influenza was classified as a pandemic by WHO in summer 2009, True or False? social classes. Which group of Americans became ill first with the flu in 1918? It was theorized that the _____ was the animal responsible for the transmission of the Ebola virus to the Kikwit citizens. epidemiology contribute to its understanding. reflect: PS- same thing but group of ppl circumscribed to one place. True or False? The best evidence to determine which suspected water supply is responsible would be: The attack rates for disease X in those who did and did not drink from each water supply. be due to: T he respondent provides the information but the interviewer doesn't record it or records it incorrectly 3. Availability of the data Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: -Changes in exposure to infectious agents -Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons -Changes in temporary stressors The use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) may be thought of as following the heritage of: Snow What are the two types of epidemics? Name them. The article explains that there has been a high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans for decades. True or false? True or False? What are the health effects studied in relation to stress? A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following? Six persons experienced vomiting. ex: food poisoning, Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy, B. X-ray record of the uterus and fallopian tubes, E. Termination of pregnancy; spontaneous or induced. List THREE characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies. Sexually transmitted diseases, influenza, and acute respiratory infections are examples of conditions transmitted directly (person-to-person). True the end of World War II. Prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition at a If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from: The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. True or False? As your sample you will use the next 200 single births occurring in a given hospital. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. The attack rate of salmonellosis was: True or False? A rigid-body motion was modeled in earlier example by the velocity field V=re^\vec{V}=r \omega \hat{e}_\thetaV=re^. population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: a. seasonal variations in cases of influenza. The main purpose of this procedure is to, Improve the likelihood that the two groups will be comparable with regard to known and unknown confounding factors, The purpose of a double-blind study is to, The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is, Standardized protocol for structured interviews, You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease and suggest that physical activity protects against having a heart attack. Host factors in the causation of disease include: True or False? be affected by certain health conditions due to aging. changes in exposure to infectious agents change in the risk-taking behavior of persons changes in temporary stressors endogenous biologic factors crude birth death rate (# of live births w/in a given period/pop. Health education programs about the hazards of starting smoking are examples of secondary prevention. Write code that displays an input dialog asking the user to enter his or her age. -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a worldwide scale; during a pandemic, large Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: Theorized to be both a selective and a protective factor, Which of the following is not one of the four criteria for the utility of, The best routinely available sources of data regarding the incidence of respiratory disease outbreaks and other rapidly spreading conditions are, Reports of absenteeism from work and school, Data on morbidity in the U.S. armed forces include, 1. Total number of deaths from roller-skating: 90 to the disease, and the effectiveness of preventive measures. True or False? If the incidence and duration of disease increase, what must also increase? The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by, The incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. of hypotheses. Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its: A test that determines whether disease is actually present is a: an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease. sex, and race. The 1918 pandemic had three distinct waves: The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was: An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a 1. Using the In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and B), there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (Virus A in community A, and Virus B in community B), both of which were traced back to a single source. An abrupt drop in mortality due to specific disease from one year to the next is most likely due to: A change in the International Classification of Disease. Incidence, on the other hand, is the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a Policy implementation 5. single disease for all.) True or False? 3. increased burden of further diagnostic services. -the respondent provides the information but the interviewer doesn't record it or records it incorrectly. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Have a nice day. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: [a] changes in exposure to infectious agents [b] changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons [c] changes in temporary stressors [d] all of the above all of the above The use of GIS (Geographic Information System) may be thought of as following the heritage of: [a] Hippocrates [b] Graunt Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. D. both A and B A. seasonal variations in cases of influenza . A. to explain the etiology of a disease Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect: Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. using cigarettes. It is calculated by dividing the number of new A double-blind study of a vaccine is one in which: neither observers nor subjects know which subject receives the vaccine and which receives a placebo. Two charges are placed on the x axis. Was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. A. Malaria -Concentration of racial or ethnic groups within an area The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? I simply do not understand a world where people are not True or False? Regular cycles of infectious diseases are well known from classic work done before population-wide vaccination for measles, an extremely contagious viral disease of childhood; this research showed that, in an otherwise stable population, epidemic cyclicity depends on community size [ 20 ]. Hepatitis caused by needle sticks. In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to: Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to a epidermiologic approach)? fatality rate of approximately 2%. Alternative policy choices 4. Assume everyone ate the same food items. However, other more An example of operations research is using epidemiology to plan the placement of health services in a community. One of three main purposes of descriptive epidemiology is to aid in the creation Prevalence is the Cyclic variations in the incidence rate of influenza may reflect: Seasonal variations in new cases of fluenza. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, -Epidemic- classified as attacking many p, -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a wor, Identify at least three major historical d, figures and their contributions to the fiel, Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate? Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Which source of bias may have affected the study? Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. The disease was very rare and had a The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is: standardized protocol for structured interviews. -are of indeterminate significance for rare diseases, because the clusters may occur by chance alone. What does the phrase "health disparities" mean to you and how does Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. Cyclical patterns of this type may be generated by delayed feedbacks operating internally within a system, or by external drivers. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: -the person with disease has had no symptoms and is not aware of the disease. Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? Give an example of each. A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). An important risk factor for the population is always important for the individual. -Changes in the fatal course of the condition. It was theorized that the flu began in which US state in 1918? Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. All individuals with an odd hospital admission number are assigned to the second group. What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease frequency over time? A major disadvantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: They permit direct estimation of risk (or incidence) of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. and the duration of the illness. epidemiology to describe the burden of disease in a population. to a predisposition to lower socioeconomic status. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect Changes in exposure to infectious agentsChanges in the risk-taking behavior of personsSeasonal variations Main purpose of descriptive epi Test hypotheses Exposure Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals Explain in details. Previous approaches to u incidence variations have mostly employed a visualization of cyclic varia-tions [1, 2, 4], calculation of the number of peaks with-in pre-dened intervals of time [3, 4] and/or indication of their parallelism to similar variations in cyclic environmental factors [1, 2]. - Nutritional Counseling for pregnant women - Primary prevention active
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