Cibelli, E. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. . ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. 25, Minneapolis. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. & The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. Lee 4: 109132. (2007) Tongue Body Constriction Differences in Click Types. & Rodekuhr Aborobongui The seal around the inside of the teeth is made by 40 ms later, and as the contact area of the back of the tongue enlarges, the front edge of the velar contact is now visible as a line of contacted electrodes at the bottom of the arc. Volume 1: Phonologie. Kapule David Kerremans 1980). Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. Clark Wright, R. The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. Rialland In , Hyman, L. M. In . Nurse, D. 46(2): 235246. (eds. Hamann (1914) La langue Thonga. Goesche Journal of Phonetics Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Figure 3.34 (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. Moshi Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. Boyd, V. L. For example, the word meaning armpit, transcribed by Mathangwane as [apka], could receive three pronunciations [hakwa] with no labial closure, [hapxa] with a labial stop followed by a fairly long velar fricative, or [hapka] with a sequence of stops with clearly separate releases, as illustrated in (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. Berkeley Linguistics Society Another feature of interest is the presence of a cross-linguistically rare contrast between nasalised and oral glottal approximants (/h/ and /h/) found in Kwangali K33 (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 132). Ziervogel, D. 55: 119148. (2000) Coproduction and Coarticulation of Clicks in IsiZulu: Aerodynamic and Electropalatographic Evidence. (1976) Le bajele: phonologie, morphologie nominale. Boyer (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. (forth.). Pascoe They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences When speakers of these languages come to For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). Maphalala, Z. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. Schadeberg, T. C. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. Charette Romero, J. (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. Lindemann & Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. (1998) Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Plausibly, the Vove B305 vowel pairs differ phonetically in pharynx width, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create, while the Kalanga S16 pairs differ in height and to a lesser degree in backness, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create. Examples of the Rwanda JD61 strengthening of an underlying /u/ or /w/ into a velar stop after a non-homorganic nasal or stop are illustrated by the spectrograms in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. & , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. Kutsch Lojenga, C. 27(3/4): 8396. Mhlig, W. J. G. ), A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World, 381427. L.-J. Twelve Bantu languages are spoken by more than five million people, including Rundi, Rwanda, Shona, Xhosa, and Zulu. In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. Bakker, P. Kawahara (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. Zulu S42 has four different accompaniments to its three click types: plain (voiceless unaspirated), voiceless aspirated, voiced and voiced nasalised. Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. Gick, B. 3: 79121. & African Studies Ladefoged, P. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Elderkin | Contact us | Help & FAQs (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. Figure 3.24 S. J. (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. Phonology Mabuta (2014) The whistled Fricative in Xitsonga: Its Articulation and Acoustics. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. R. A. halshs-02504383 %RVWRHQ .RHQ 0DUN 9DQ GH 9HOGH ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q 9DQ GH 9HOGH 0DUN .RHQ %RVWRHQ 'HUHN 1XUVH *pUDUG 3KLOLSSVRQ HGV 7KH %DQWX /DQJXDJHV QG (GLWLRQ >5RXWOHGJH Rialland Unlike ordinary labialisation, which involves rounding and protrusion of the lips accompanied by a raising of the tongue back, i.e., a [w]-like articulation, this labialisation involves primarily a vertical narrowing of the lips with little or no protrusion and no accompanying tongue back raising. A. K. The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. Figure 3.1 Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. Figure 3.2 & (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. , UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics . This is usually discussed as a contrast between advanced and retracted (or neutral) tongue root position, i.e., ATR. (2006) On the Status of Voiced Stops in Tswana: Against *ND. (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. Demolin, D. Rialland Miscellanea Phonetica F. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. Figure 3.14 Mumin (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Figure 3.35 Fisch, M. Journal of the International Phonetic Association In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). 2015). Figure 3.4 University of California, Berkeley. . Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Plauch (2014). eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe 121(15): 21202152. (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. Stanford: CSLI Publications. Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. back closure is released, and this release may be separately audible. For example, Myers (1999b) shows that syntactically unmarked yes/no questions are characterised by a slower rate of pitch declination than statements. Passy, P. A. Figure 3.25 In (1971) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Pretorius Hombert, J.-M. (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Philology, Classical Edition Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Authors: Jenneke van der Wal Discover the world's. In In In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). ), Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 251301. Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). Bostoen Harnsberger The typical pattern for dental/alveolar contrasts is that the dentals are laminal while the alveolars are apical. 2014, Braver 2017). Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. South African Journal of African Languages Fricated vowels occur in Kom and Oku, two Grassfields Bantu languages of the central Ring group (Faytak 2014, Faytak & Merrill 2014), as well as in several Bantoid languages of the northern Cameroon Grassfields (Faytak 2015). (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. See Hyman (1999) for more details on historical reconstruction and complications. & P. The vowels of the five-vowel systems are therefore usually transcribed as /i e a o u/ and the seven-vowel systems are most often transcribed as /i e a o u/ (Hyman 1999). ), Selected Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 119129. Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. & Abry (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. Map. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. Guthrie, M. Figure 3.21 Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Lodhi | Free trial However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. Frota, S. Lee (eds. (eds. . Phonetica A. Zerbian, S. ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. Rous Kalanga S16 vowel formant means according to measurements by done the first author. Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). Lammert Finch More details on the articulations of clicks are given by electropalatography (EPG). Air pressure in the oral cavity is measured in relation to the ambient atmospheric pressure in hectoPascals (hPa, equivalent to the pressure required to support 1 cm of water). (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. , Studies in African Linguistics Diemer & 17, 145154. Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. & Detailed studies of timing in prenasalised stops are included in Maddieson (1993), Maddieson and Ladefoged (1993) and Hubbard (1994, 1995). A. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. R. Brenzinger, M. Table 3.2 (eds. ), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 235295. (ed. There are thus seven phonetic qualities among the nasalised vowels, but no contrast between all seven in any environment. Paris: Ernest Leroux. In Kalanga S16, on the other hand, the vowels are crowded into the upper part of the vowel space, with the front pair in particular being very close together. I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: (2010) Accent in African Languages. (1996) Boundary Tones and the Phonetic Implementation of Tone in Chichewa. Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). Huffman, M. K. The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. Elmslie, W. A. The distribution seen in Xhosa S41 or Swahili G42 is similar to that most typically found cross-linguistically in five-vowel systems transcribed /i e a o u/, such as Spanish, Hadza or Hawaiian. M. C. Faytak, M. The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. Nurse, D. Gunnink (eds. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. , M. M. In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. Pharyngeals have developed from velars in other Niger-Congo languages. Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. Yoder (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Most Bantu languages have a full set of nasals at each place of articulation where a stop or affricate appears, but often intricate (morpho)phonological processes govern nasal/oral alternations and syllabification and other prosodic processes concerning nasals. Kingston, J. Figure 3.9 , Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. Africana Linguistica 24(1): 530. . (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. Byrd She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. & 1989: 54). 2003), though they are typically produced with an abrupt or unaffricated release in Khoisan languages. 46(2): 219228. These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Figure 3.24 This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). Kula Olson, K. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. In Both falling and rising intonation patterns are found in question prosodies. shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). Otronyi The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. (2015) Insights from the Field. In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). ga] dog (diminutive); same speaker as in In As , Figure 3.6 , Summary. 26(2): 235254. Lindblom (2004) The Chimwiini Lexicon Exemplified. London: Gregg International. & Yao P21 has a long/short contrast and significant compensatory lengthening so that vowels before prenasalised stops are as long as underlying long vowels and have more than double the duration of short vowels. Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. M. R. , (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. Because the place of the dorsal closure is not contrastive, it is not necessary to indicate the (velar in this case) place before the click type symbol. (eds. South African Journal of African Languages McCormack, P. W. (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. G. Wissing, D. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa (Available online at. (eds. This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. 2024, Kyoto. Gunnink, H. . Gunnink, H. (eds. The ejection is generally weak compared to that found in languages of the Afro-Asiatic family, except for Ilwana E701 where the ejectives are in borrowed Cushitic vocabulary, and the ejective lateral affricate of Zulu S42 mentioned earlier. Fehn Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 ugutwi [ugutkwi] ear; same speaker as Figure 3.14. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. (1989) Dental and Alveolar Stops in KiMvita Swahili: An Electropalatographic Study. Letele, G. L. , (ed. & & Brugman (2007) The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. 36: 721734. The arrow in the spectrogram points to a convergence of F2 and F3 characteristic of velars. is narrower than the width of the constriction of the laminal dental in In her study, F1, B1 (F1 bandwidth), center of gravity and A1-A2 (relative amplitudes of F1 and F2) help distinguish vowel pairs that differ in [ATR] value to varying degrees depending on the vowel pair and speaker. Coetzee, A. W. & Baumbach, E. J. M. (eds. London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. Pongweni, A. J. C. 30(1): 110. Hammarstrm In 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies In this language, the vowels are to a large degree placed where they might be expected, given a respect for dispersion principles. Ladefoged Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Downing, L. J. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. (1980) Nasale suivie de consonne sourde en proto-bantu. London: Gregg. The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. (1990) Shona Velarization: Complex Consonants or Complex Onsets? Cheucle, M. (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change.
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