Although a Europeanization movement had begun about the middle of the 19th century, this was a slow process, affecting mainly the dress of the upper strata of society and that of the urban population. The technical advances and the capability for mass manufacturing that had been brought about by the Industrial Revolution were making fashionable dress available to a rapidly expanding public. London: The National Gallery. She has red embroidery at her chemise cuffs reminiscent of the red embroidery at the collar frill of Catherine de Medici (Fig. Album Amicorum of a German Soldier, 1595. In the second half of the 16th Century and early 17th Century, Spanish figures of the upper class wore colorful silk clothing with embroidery and gold and 1550-1559 Portraits of Women, 1550s. Portrait of Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589), 1559. Read next: Japanese Fashion: A Journey from Ancient to Modern. Gilet is normally a sleeveless jacket, similar to a waistcoat or vest, thats a staple of traditional Spanish attire. Minneapolis Institute of Art, 87.6. Black became the favored color for both men and women, and still stays a staple hue of Spanish fashion, it was the color of formal court dress. Privacy Policy (function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); The Fashion History Timeline is a project by FITs History of Art Department. 2 in the Menswear section below]. From 1630 onwards, long manes abounded, at the same time that some soldiers, under French influence, changed the moustache with chin puff for a thin and curled moustache without complement in the chin, a fashion that would become popular throughout the 1650s and 1660. Philip II of Spain, ca. 1). Originally from Kolkata, Prerna loves staying up to date in current fashion and culture trends, be it movies, music, or social media. Anthonis Mor (1512-16-c. 1576) Joanna of Austria (1535-73). Accessed July 5, 2019. Catherine of Austria, Wife of King John III of Portugal, 1552-53. Unless specifically noted, images used in the Timeline are not subject to this Creative Commons License applied to the written work from the Timeline. French dominance of womens fashion was absolute during the 19th century. Best clothes were kept for Sundays and holidays; such garments lasted a long time, and most colonists were therefore wearing styles considered old-fashioned in England. Traditional mens dress comprised a shirt, trousers, jacket, and boots. Detail of Prince Frederick Henry of Orange in the Siege of Bolduque (1631), oil on canvas by Pauwels van Hillegaert (1596-1640), Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Spanish fashion has been modernized, but traditional Spanish clothing is still worn for special or religious events. Zayas and Her Sisters, 2: Essays on Novelas by 17th Century Spanish Women: 9781586840976 - AbeBooks John, Prince of Portugal (1537-54), ca. no.56. WebSPANISH DRESS. In all four he wears a sword, as was customary by this time. The subject is complex because of the internal make-up of the country, the multicultural society that spawned and epitomized the great Huggett, Jane, Ninya Mikhaila, Jane Malcolm-Davies, and Michael Perry. In France, haute couture had taken over control of the fashion-design world. He introduced the practice of preparing a collection of designs, and he was the first to use live models rather than mannequins to display designs to buyers. Madrid: Ediciones Ejrcito, pp. Source: Prado, Fig. In the 1630s and 1640s, the number of pikemen was gradually reduced to one-third or even less by each company, and the vambraces disappeared altogether. This view can be extended to soldiers of all European nations, and is ironically reflected in an engraving published in Strasbourg in 1622 and titled The Dishonest Beginning, the Dangerous Progression, and the Shameful End of Construction Worker Hansen, showing how a soldiers clothing becomes more ostentatious as he kneads loot, but only to end up irretrievably reduced to rags by the harshness of the campaigns. Knitted silk trunkhose of Duke August of Saxon, before 1556. To protect these new industries, the State establish a system of restrictions on imported dress materials. Triunfo Del Emperador Maximiliano I, Rey de Hungra, Dalmacia y Croacia, Archiduque de Austria, 1501. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 406044. 7 - Artist unknown (English). By an ordinance of 18 July 1540, foreign cloths of gold and silver and silk could enter France only through certain towns and were then sent to Lyons for the levying of import taxes. (238). Chanel also worked with Salvador Dali, the father of surrealism. In addition to a double stranded pearl necklace, earrings and hair ornament, her dress is studded with pearls and ribbons of gold and silver embroidery. In the latter three portraits he wears a black bonnet with a small white feather. It was greeted with horror and disdain, and the idea quickly died. Cdice de Trajes / Costume Book, 16th century. Similar laws restricting dress were also passed for religious reasons, reflecting some of the areas of conflict that led to the English Civil Wars (164251). Both of these portraits feature black gowns, which contrast dramatically with the white of their flared, standing chemise collars decorated with embroidery. It is still worn by Muslims of both sexes in the Middle East. The codpiece remains prominent. Sometimes the steeple hat was worn on top of the hood. The small prayer book that hangs from the girdle in figure 6 and is held open in figure 7 had become a fashionable accessory. The costume she designed was enthusiastically advocated by her friend Amelia Jenks Bloomer, a journalist and writer. This is a classic example of a traditional style adapted to modern. 1550-60. In contrast, colonists farther north in New England experienced harsher winters than they had been accustomed to and so found a greater need than they had in England to wear furs and skins. Source: Museum of London, Fig. The neck and cuffs of lechuguilla, popular at the beginning of the century, fell into disuse in favor of the golilla and, above all, the Walloon collar. The footwear par excellence were leather shoes with a very light heel. Her sleeves have a puff of volume right at the shoulder, similar to menswear at the time; see a very similar sleeve style on her brother, Philip II in the Fashion Icon section below. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum, BHC2952. Fig. 1559. She has held fellowships at the Mets Costume Institute, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and Northwesterns Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art. This is a very spectacular piece of furniture the carving is present on the drawer but not toon much a lot of character for sure ,this is a rather masculine desk . Source: The Met, Fig. Portrait of a Lady, perhaps Contessa Lucia Albani Avogadro, ca. Mollo, J. Painted Cloth: Fashion and Ritual in Colonial Latin America focuses on the 1700s, a time when Spain was tightening its grip on its territories in the face of increasing French influence. While the rest of his ensemble is black, his doublet is a dull crimson color. In 1851 Bloomer traveled to London and Dublin to publicize this dress reform. Furthermore, with designers such as Ralph Laurens use of ruffles and matador hats, D&Gs fringed dress, and Oscar de la Rentas flounced skirts and flamenco heeled shoes, traditional Spanish culture continues to affect the fashion industry even today, where art and fashion merge as an expression of innovation that continues attracting attention, accolades, and praise globally. While Joannas neckline is filled in by her chemise or a partlet, the Italian woman who wore this red dress may or may not have done so, as low necklines remained popular in Italy even as they disappeared elsewhere in Europe. The formal black tailcoat was now reserved for evening attire. Ashelford notes that this was a common decorative choice: Contrasting the dark material of the gown with a soft fur lining was a fashion that appears in many portraits of the 1550s and 1560s (59). Fig. The lobster, a helmet of Eastern Europe origin used by the Holy Roman Empire cavalry, made an appearance, in turn, to a small extent among the foot soldiers. 1555. 1550. All the English women (Figs. Having moved overseas, they continued to omit such extravagances as fine brocades, rich laces, ribbons, and feathers. In Italy, the Spanish influence meant that black continued to be a fashionable color, as one can see in Bronzinos portrait of a young man (Fig. She is currently completing a book on discourses surrounding fashion and feminine types in works exhibited at the Paris Salon (1864-1884). Fig. In the last two decades of the century a more countrified attire consisting of Norfolk jacket and knickerbockers became popular. By mid-century the buff coat had also become a staple garment among colonists in New England. WebSpanish colonial desk 17th century, in walnut,the patina on the top is exceptional . Schwarz, Matthus, Veit Konrad Schwarz, Ulinka Rublack, Maria Hayward, and Jenny Tiramani. Parisian designs of garments and accessories were publicized throughout Europe and America by fashion plates and journals. Her funnel-shaped sleeves are turned back to reveal a lynx fur lining, creating enormous cuffs that nearly reach her shoulders. In the first two decades of the century, clothing and equipment hardly deviated from the fashion of the late sixteenth century. Florence: Uffizi Gallery, Inv. The fitted silhouette commonly seen in the 1540s remained popular, however. Atop his jerkin, he wears a black Spanish cape, edged in gold cord. Although they were never the main footwear of infantrymen, we often see them in the works of Pieter Snayers, a Flemish painter of battles in the service of Cardinal Infante Fernando and Marshal Octavio Piccolomini. Oil on canvas; 122 x 106.5 cm (48 1/16 x 41 15/16 in). 7 - Maker unknown. This article demonstrates that real women really did wear the guardainfante in a variety of contexts outside of portraiture and the theater. Detail of The siege of Aire-sur-la-Lys (1653), oil on canvas by Pieter Snayers (1592-1667), Museo del Prado, Madrid. While the bodice is rigid, the skirt falls in gentle folds suggesting she is not wearing the Spanish farthingale favored elsewhere, with volume instead created by pleats at the waistline as in the red velvet dress. Also popular at this time for sports and country wear in Britain was the deerstalker cap immortalized in the illustration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories. Emilia di Spilimbergo wore a similar loose gown uncinched at the waist in her portrait by Titian (Fig. Square Pointed Shoes. Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, GK 488. Why Do Tennis Players Wear White at Wimbledon? 12-13). Women could choose between loose ropa-style gowns and more fitted ones as Jane Ashelford explains in A Visual History of Costume: The Sixteenth Century (1983): By the 1550s women had a choice of two styles of gown to wear over the bodice and skirt. The century opened inauspiciously with 1. three abdications in the same year, 1808 (Charles IV twice, and Ferdinand VII once), 2. the beginning of a vicious war against an invader (Napoleon and his troops 1808-14), in which Spanish, French and Anglo-Portuguese troops criss-crossed the country, and 3. a French king imposed A long sock was also popularized that was dressed over the stockings and bent before the knee at a variable height. Fig. The Source: Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel. Bueno, J. M. (1978):Soldados de Espaa. His golden trunk hose are paned and reveal a white satin lining. 1554. Source: Fitzwilliam, Fig. Oil on canvas; 99.7 x 81.2 cm. 10 above). The gold and silver threads were habitual: He honored [his men] with dressing as a soldier, fair breeches, silver embroidery, sleeves of the same, plain buckskin coleto, red band, silver embroidery, red hooded cloak, silver cords, silver dress sword and spurs, fallen Valona (Walloon collar) and black hat with crimson feathers. Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum, PD.1-1963. Jerkin. Museum of London. This was the mandilion, derived from the medieval tabard. The same can be said of the paintings of the genre of the guard rooms captured by Flemish and Dutch artists such as David Teniers the Younger, Cornelis Mahu, Jan Baptist Tijssens the Younger, Gerard ter Borch, Gillis van Tilborgh, Anthonie Palamedesz and Franois Duchatel, among others. Paris: Muse du Louvre, INV 3259. Neither wears a helmet, but we do observe some lobster among the accessories, from which we can deduce that the most complete armor, as well as heavier helmets and closed burgonets, more bulky, were relegated, from the end of the 1630s, to mere aesthetic ornaments for portraits. It was an ode to the classic Spanish rich textiles and traditional embroidery worn by the aristocracy of the golden age. Since the 1500s, the culture and customs of this diverse country have influenced Spanish fashion. Portrait of an Unknown Lady, 1557. Renaissance Quarterly is the leading American journal of Renaissance studies, encouraging connections between different scholarly approaches to bring together material spanning the period from 1300 to 1700 in Western history. Oil on canvas; 184 x 100 cm. By the 18th & 19th-century, women accessorized by wearing rosaries on their hands visible to everybody. 1 - Anthonis Mor (Netherlandish, 1516-1576). His natural form white shoes still have slashing across the vamp. This is indicated by Ensign Lorendo de Cevallos y Arce on the occasion of the landing in Dunkirk, in 1637, of the Tercio de Jos de Saavedra, from La Corua: 4,200 men were found in the 24 companies, without officers; and the said accountant gave them some munition clothes and corselets, which they did not bring.. The settlers in these areas were industrious and tolerant, mixing harmoniously with colonists from other nations. Aside from Pieter Snayerss paintings, which are the best source for knowing soldiers appearance from 1640 to 1660, the works of other Flemish painters, such as Pieter Meulener and Cornelis de Wael, also provide excellent examples of fashion and equipment of the period. Manzano Lahoz, A. 11) wears a typical Spanish hairstyle, as the Royal Collection Trust notes: Joannas hairstyle, which is frizzed and set on the sides of the head beneath her masculine style bonnet, is distinctively Spanish and was known as toca de cabos. The continuing adoption of menswear style elements continues trends wed seen in the 1540s. The trousers were of the very full, baggy type (similar to the Middle Eastern chalvar), fitting tightly only on the lower leg. 3) also has Philip wearing a black jerkin, but now paired with a canary yellow doublet and paned trunk hose covered in regular pinked lines. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 45.128.12. In 1453, Constantinople itself fell to the Turks. A portrait by Titian (Fig. 1545-60 portrait (Fig. The pikemen, on the other hand, still conserved the essential component of the infant half armor typical of the second half of the 16th century, known as the coselete. Thus, for example, in 1631 the Army of Flanders accountant paid 1,640 escudos to the tailor Gaspar Vandenleenput in payment of a thousand munition clothes generic name of the complete military outfit, 2,853 escudos to the Barthlemy Guisset hosiery for 2,500 pairs of stockings and shirts, and 786 escudos to Jan van Este and Co. for an undetermined number of pairs of shoes. In 19th century, 20th century, thematic essays, In 1860-1869, 19th century, garment analysis, In 18th century, 19th century, ancient, Asia, K, P, S, term definition, In 1900-1909, 20th century, artwork analysis, In 1890-1899, 1900-1909, 1910-1919, 19th century, 20th century, thematic essays, In 1900-1909, 1910-1919, 20th century, blog, Last updated Aug 18, 2020 | Published on Jul 7, 2019, https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/, The Fez and the Ottoman Path to Modernity, Ins Gches-Sarraute and the Straight-Front Corset, The French hood was a womans headdress consisti, The Dictionary of Fashion History defines a cuiras, Elsa Schiaparelli created this unusual lobster dre, The Balcony (from the collection of @museeorsay) i, This 1880 red wool corset features a modern constr, The peplos is a draped, outer garment made of a si, In honor of director Stephen Williams Chevalier, This red silk dress embodies the late 1860s transi, The 1690s silhouette for women was extremely verti, The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s (2017), Addressing the Century: 100 Years of Art and Fashion (1998), 100 Dresses: The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2010), We Were There: Harlie Des Roches on the Black Presence in Renaissance Europe, Hymn to Apollo: The Ancient World and the Ballets Russes, Frida Kahlo: Appearances Can Be Deceiving, Grand Opening of the Museum of Historical Costume in Poznan, Poland, https://www.rct.uk/collection/407223/joanna-of-austria-1535-73?language=en, https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/118831.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spain&oldid=903141020, https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/in-fine-style/the-queens-gallery-buckingham-palace/joanna-of-austria-1535-73?language=en, 1555-59 Alonso Snchez Coello, Prince Don Carlos of Austria, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000052132&page=1, https://lib.ugent.be/en/catalog?q=rug01:000794288, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000012553&page=1, http://hdl.handle.net/10111/UIUCUNICA:erasde0001ciumor, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000099490&page=1, https://www.kb.nl/kbhtml/alba/frameset9.html, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000099924&page=1, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000022768&page=1, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000099918&page=1, http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000016695&page=1, https://collections.lacma.org/node/172051, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008965469, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1500%E2%80%931550_in_Western_European_fashion&oldid=818779252, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1550%E2%80%931600_in_Western_European_fashion&oldid=810773280, http://www.elizabethancostume.net/index.html, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/broi/hd_broi.htm, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/afas/hd_afas.htm, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/afas16/hd_afas16.htm, http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/f/reading-list-fashion-up-to-the-17th-century/, http://www.renaissancetailor.com/research_vocabulary.htm, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/velv/hd_velv.htm, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/deca/hd_deca.htm, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1500-1599-extant-clothing/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1500-1599-fabrics-textiles/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1500-1599-jewelry/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1500-1599-men-in-art/1510s/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1500-1599-undated-portraits-of-women/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1550-1559-portraits-of-women/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1500-1599-armour/, 1568 Bernardino Campi, Portrait of a Woman, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Today, designers from all over the world continue to look to Spain for inspiration. Source: Instagram, Fig. The methodical regularity of the slashing on the jerkin and pinking on the doublet sleeves and the panes of his hose are typically Spanish. 7). It was during this period (c. 181120) that English modes for men became everywhere accepted as correct, even in Napoleonic France (the top hat, for example, became almost universal). Oil on panel; 98.2 x 66.5 cm. The main reasons for this abandonment were the increasing effectiveness of firearms, which increased in caliber and power, and the search for greater comfort by the soldier, who had to be more versatile and move faster in wars now dominated by the cavalry. WebWomen's clothing was longer than mens so they could hide their feet. As always, the foundation of womenswear was the chemise, which now was often topped by stays (an early form of corsetry) and a kirtle (which more often now referred to a petticoat skirt), with a gown worn as the final layer. Note the cutwork and needle lace on his white shirt collar, which the stark black of the doublet/jerkin throws into relief. She can be found @i.am.prerna on Instagram. The bowler, also known by such other names as the colloquial British billycock and, in America, the derby, was introduced about 1850 by the hatter William Bowler. Wool from the plains of Castile, flax grew abundantly in Galicia and the introduction of sericulture and silk weaving in Valencia and Andalusia. This type of embroidery on lace was done in black thread, which can be seen around the hands of this portrait of an unidentified woman from the 1520s. The width and sag of the wing of the moriones, as well as the height of the moriones and the capacetes could be variable, with a clear tendency towards a flatter and less pointed helmet than the moriones of the 16th century. Maximillian II, the Holy Roman Emperor and cousin of Philip II, shows the latest trends at his court in a 1550 portrait by Anthonis Mor (Fig. Madrid: Museo del Prado, P002109. Source: RCT, Fig. Emperor Maximilian II, 1550. It was now a loose jacket with free-hanging sleeves. Both wear fur-lined capes with dark stockings and shoes and have a sword strapped to their side. New York: Putnam. The multicultural society that formed and personifies the early Spanish empire, and the constant shifts in Spains political and economic relationship with the rest of the world. All three women still have large funnel sleeves and then undersleeves with open seams closed by broaches or aiguillettes where the embroidered chemise is puffed out. Over these garments a waistcoat (yelek) and long gown (anteri) were worn. Because of this, they passed many sumptuary laws that proscribed what members of the different classes could purchase or own; protocol in dress was a visible expression of their determination to maintain their heritage. Fig. The lower part of the body was covered with breeches that went up to the knee and could be Greguesque, of a considerable volume, or more stylized, always accompanied by stockings. Arts and fashion flourished throughout the Spanish empire and its European neighbors. Florence: Uffizi Gallery, 1572. Since the reign of Louis XI, France had been trying to become less dependent on Italian silk imports. Considered scandalous with its reputation for hiding illicit pregnancies, the guardainfante was banned in 1639. Trunk hose are gaining volume and are often paned; they are worn with stockings and shoes often of the same color. During the 17th century, particular decades witnessed fashion crazes. 1 - William Scrots (Flemish, active 1537-53). Also see the 16th-century overview page for more research sources or browse our Zotero library. The three-piece lounge suit, with a jacket instead of a tailcoat, was introduced in the 1850s for informal occasions. Such boots will become part of everyday dress in the 17th century. The increasing levels of informality extended to hat design, with new styles being introduced. The Spanish wearing of black was a hallmark of Spanish/Hapsburg dress, but as noted above in reference to Philips sister, Joanna of Austria (Fig. In the latter half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th-century, Spanish elite wore silk clothing that was vividly colored and embroidered, brocaded, or adorned in silver or gold. (L to R): 17th Century Brocade Grown, Late 17th Century Spanish Costume, 1650-1700 Western European Fashion. We see another example in Germany, in Barthel Bruyn the Youngers portrait of a woman of the Slosgin family of Cologne (Fig. This garment formed the basis on which the first uniforms were implanted and was extended to dragons and cavalry from the 1660s onwards in all European armies. Some protect themselves with gorget, while others choose a buff on which they carry a breastplate breast and backplate. But, Spanish noblemen also isolated themselves from their European peers in terms of style by ditching doublets, jerkins, trunk hoses, and cloaks in favor of singular padded breeches. 14 - Giovanni Battista Moroni (Italian, 1520/4 - 11579). It is embroidered in gold with intertwined capital I letters, perhaps alluding to her husbands name (Iohannes or Ioan) or her own name (Ioannae). London: Tate, N04252. The Englishman Charles Frederick Worth, who had emigrated to Paris in 1845, was the first of the great couturiers and one of the most influential. His paned trunk hose are bombasted (padded) and his doublet sleeves narrow and rather plain. Source: Wikipedia, Fig. Maria de Medici (Fig. Wigs, also of French origin, were not common in the armies of the Hispanic Monarchy until the last two decades of the century, and always restricted to official status. A gentleman, perhaps of the West family, shows these fashions in a ca. Between about 1840 and 1870, long, bushy side-whiskers were fashionable. The queen and the English court eagerly copied the styles of the Spanish entourage. (375-76). It consisted of a knee-length, white, sleeved chemise (gmlek) and long drawers tied at the waist (dislik). Oil on canvas; 155 x 106.8 cm. Source: Prado, Fig. The clothing and defensive equipment of the soldiers of the Hispanic Monarchy, the famous tercios, underwent considerable evolution throughout the 17th century. In a portrait by Anthonis Mor (Fig. Clothing Unkus. 5), the knitted silk trunkhose of Duke August of Saxon, have regular openings that reveal the yellow taffeta inner hose. Similar to the fez, a term believed to have derived from the Moroccan town of that name, this cap was for centuries under the Ottoman Empire bound around the brow with a turban. WebThe corset was restricted to aristocratic fashion, and was a fitted bodice stiffened with reeds called bents, wood, or whalebone. 8 - Artist unknown. Source: NGA. But the most common pieces that can be frequently seen during cultural parades, festivals, and events are worn by the matadors and flamenco dancers. 369416. For many years such attire was a blend of styles from western Europe worn together with traditional Ottoman garments. Boucher dates the first appearance of the ruff to 1555 (227). He wears a sleeveless jerkin with pickadils at the shoulder and a short skirt. If you have suggestions or corrections, pleasecontact us. Childrenswear could be just as elaborately decorated as adult clothing, as a leather jerkin for a young boy testifies (Fig. Mens dress slowly became stereotyped, etiquette having laid down detailed regulations for the attire to be worn for different occasions, for different times of day, and by the various social classes. The official journal of the Renaissance Society of America, RQ presents about twenty articles and over five hundred reviews per year, engaging the following disciplines: Americas, Art and Architecture, Book History, Classical Tradition, Comparative Literature, Digital Humanities, Emblems, English Literature, French Literature, Germanic Literature, Hebraica, Hispanic Literature, History, Humanism, Islamic World, Italian Literature, Legal and Political Thought, Medicine and Science, Music, Neo-Latin Literature, Performing Arts and Theater, Philosophy, Religion, Rhetoric and Women and Gender.
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