traffic (s i li, s giao thng) But how did we GRADUATE FROM grooming TO gossip? (a2) (c, li thi) = OUTDATE ##modern: old-fashioned and needing to be replaced. 'My ancestors were French'. GROOM SO FOR ST I am not able to understand the reason behind the correct given answers. For example, they might correlate a suspect's bandaged hand with a shattered third-floor window. Of these, about half are going to die out in the course of the next century: thats 3,000 languages in Where there is no one dominant local language, and groups with diverse linguistic heritages come into regular contact with one another, multilingualism is a perfectly natural condition. You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours (c qua c li mi toi lng nhau). A little over half of the world's languages are estimated to have writing systems. (v) (vut ve, ch mo), hearth (h:) (n) (l si) 'Lions and house cats evolved from A COMMON ANCESTOR' (= the same ancestor, (c tin ha t 1 t tin chung) The individual sounds are very strange to other nationalities (n1, quc tch, n2, dn tc) and often difficult for them to pronounce (pr'nauns) (v, pht m, pronunciation, n, s pht m). If a baby gurgles, it makes a happy low sound in its throat. Thus, the process of language YES if the statement agrees with the writer s views, NO if the statement contradicts the writer s views, NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this. Just as some places are morediversethan others in terms of plant and animal species, the same goes for the distribution of languages. After all, are there not instances of languages that died and were reborn, like Hebrew? 'Some foreign travel is entailed in the job'. William Noble and lain Davidson (University of New England) look for the, origin of language in early symbolic behavior and the evolutionary selection in fine, motor control. Centuries of French governments have striven to make that country linguistically uniform, but (even disregarding Breton, a Celtic language; Allemannisch, the Germanic language spoken in Alsace; and Basque), Ethnologue shows at least ten distinct Romance languages spoken in France, including Picard, Gascon, Provenal, and several others in addition to French.. The region in which the language was spoken gained increased independence. ?, dch ko ra) primate (ng vt linh trng gm ngi, kh ko ui, kh ui di, vn). A cohesive fitness plan (k hoch tp luyn thng nht cht ch) would include menus and exercise routines designed to lose weight, build muscle, and so on. Answer the questions below. WebThe most recent estimates show us that there are around 6,000 different languages spoken around the world and that 548 languages with fewer than 99 speakers, according to Harrison, make up nearly one-tenth of the world's languages, and all are faced with almost certain disappearance (p. 4). Teacher: What do you think makes a good language teacher? There have been some reports that the IELTS qualification was not required for studying abroad triggering doubts among the candidates. 'Motherese' is a small social step up from the contact calls of PRIMATES, but at this stage grooming probably still did most of the BONDING. However, new government policies brought fresh attitudes and a positive interest in survival. Teacher: What problems do people experience when learning your languages? 'We need to diversify the economy'. People who otherwise would have gone into job market are postponing that and focusing on improving their qualifications hoping that they would be better positioned to get a good job when the economy improves. TOTAL. Which THREE of the factors are mentioned by the writer of the text? produce -> production The other positive aspect about the speaking test is that the types of tasks that the candidate requires to perform are very close to the real life oral communication tasks. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 133 below.. This is really quite a conservative estimate, in light of the variation that has in fact been found there. speakers around 4,500, possibly the lowest of any area of the world. 'Women's employment opportunities are often severely constrained by family commitments (k'mitmnt, nhim v, trch nhim gia nh). (ski, v, trt truyt) (snowboard, v, trt tuyt bng vn trt). (n4) (khoa) : a department or group of related departments within a university. What we recommend to any Indian student looking to apply to the U.K. is that there is no problem in using the services of an education agent. Yes, if the will and funding were available. What tends to happen with a qualification like IELTS is that as the job market becomes much more competitive in an economic downturn, more people actually start thinking that they should get better qualifications. For instance, Chinese dialects such as Cantonese, Hakka, Shanghainese, etc. In an attempt to reverse this trend, UNESCO has Student: Well, you need to be able to put down your textbooks from time to time and forget about accuracy. The suffix -er often means "one who." D. Romansch So the 'audience' can be much bigger than for grooming or one-on-one massage ('ms:) (m's:). 'the patient's mental faculties'. tendency (n) (xu hng, khuynh hng). Even if archaic humans were physically capable of speech (a, hyoid bone for supporting the larynx and tongue has been found in a Neanderthal, skeleton), we cannot assume symbolic communication. (precede, pri:'si:d) In pre-contact times, over 300 languages were spoken in North America. graduate from something to something .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. People must be able to read and write if they and their language are to have a future in an increasingly computer- literate civilisation. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 6-8on your answer sheet. The culture of which it is a part must need to have a respect for minority languages. They conclude that language is A FEATURE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS, and an essential PRECURSOR of earliest symbolic pictures in rock art, RITUAL BURIAL, major sea-crossings, structured shelters and HEARTH - all dating, they aruge, to the last 100,000 years. (khai thc m) (mining industry, CN m). A Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century. (n2) (formal) a particular skill that SO has = TALENT. If you lose your faculties, you are powerless. 'When plants mutate, their genes change in a way that makes them look, grow, or reproduce differently'. 3.1 Read the text and then answer the questions. Political and social considerations trump purely linguistic reality, and the criterion of mutual intelligibility is ultimately inadequate. How many languages are represented in such a case? Research on the subject of language extinction began in the 1990s. These are organisations which provide children under five with a domestic setting in which they are intensively exposed to the language. That's the only way to become more fluent in a language. The GENETIC EVIDENCE is a gene called FOXP2, in which MUTATIONS appear to be responsible for SPEECH DEFECTS. precursor (n) (pri:'k:s(r)) (im bo trc) A precursor is usually related to what it precedes. Dunbar notes that just as grooming releases OPIATES ('upit) that create a feeling of WELLBEING in monkeys and apes, so do the smiles and laughter associated with human BANTER. B. Maori A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. draconian (a) (dr'kounjn) (h khc, khc nghit): very strict and cruel (a) ('krul, c c, hung tn, tn nhn) The economic argument does not really supply a reason for speakers of a small and perhaps unwritten language to abandon that language simply because they also need to learn a widely used language such as English or Mandarin Chinese. (penalty, penlti) (on ngi di tr): when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work. Thanks! education The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Operation Kaveri | India brings home 754 more citizens from Sudan, Student stabbed to death during college fest in REVA University in Bengaluru, Higher pension | EPFO to wait for number of applicants before releasing calculation process, Mindless violence: On the threat Maoists still pose, Killer mafia: On the sand mafia in Tamil Nadu and attacks on public servants, UltraTech Cements Q4 net down 32% to 1,670 crore on lower realisation, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, KKR vs GT, IPL 2023: Dream11 Prediction, Predicted Playing XI, Full Squads. if your car is idling, it's running but not moving, if someone calls you idle, it either means they think you don't have enough to do or that you're just plain lazy. IELTS General Reading Practice Test 6 With Answers. Drugs made from opium are used to reduce severe pain. Idle can also mean having no value or purpose: idle rumors are rumors that people make up when they're bored but have no grounding in fact. It is not the first time that during the economic downturn that IELTS has actually seen significant growth. 1,302. ), NAVIGATION (time to fly south for the winter), or social relations (we need teamwork to build this SHELTER). globe (glub) (qu cu), terrestrial globe (t'restril) (hazardous = dangerous, 'hzds, nguy him ) Questions 36-40 The language EMERGED in the late 1970s, at a new school for deaf children. rite (n) (rait) (nghi l, nghi thc) Ann, of Columbia University, in New York, is one of the linguists who has been studying the way these have gradually EVOLVED. It turns out, however, that there is no such definite countor at least, no such count that has any status as a scientific finding ofmodern linguistics. 'The missiles can hit targets with pinpoint accuracy'. 'She had a great faculty for learning languages'. But can we save a few thousand languages, just like that? 'The conclude that language is a feature of anatomically modern humans'. The reason for this lack is not (just) that parts of the world such as highland New Guinea or the forests of the Amazon have not been explored in enough detail to ascertain the range of people who live there. Primate (tng gim mc): the most important PRIEST (priest, pri:st) in a country, especially in the Church of England. And there are few if any comparable cases to support the notion that language death is reversible. But this notion fails in practice to cut the world up into clearly distinct language units. There needs to be funding, to support courses, materials, and teachers. There are over 6,000 institutions across the world recognising IELTS, says Mr. Kevin McLaven. But how did language evolve in the first place? 'The supposed beggar was really a police officer in disguise'. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. do (someone) a world of good: have a very positive influence on (your) life. The 2005 edition listed 6,912 living languages -- this is not because 209 languages have been created in the past 9 years, but because of a combination of a more complete inventory and some decisions about how many speech communities to distinguish as "languages". hearth and home (t m) =your home and family. 'I'm afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system'. grunt (v) (cu nhu, lm bm): to make short sounds or say a few words in a rough voice, when you do not want to talk. There are a number of coherent (but quite different) answers that linguists might give to this apparently simple question. Out of these almost 7000 languages, only 230 are spoken in Europe while over 2000 are spoken in Asia. If we had a complete inventory of the set of parameters that can serve in this way, we could then say that each particular collection of values for those parameters that we could identify in the knowledge of some set of speakers should count as a distinct language. Some companies promote products by suggesting that their products increase "happiness correlates," or factors that have been shown to have a relationship with happiness, like health and friendship. khi mnh mun ni sn xut, dng PRODUCE OR MANUFACTURE IELTS is accepted by more than 11,000 employers, universities, The number of languages from Ethnologue does include constructed languages like Esperanto. Describe what is wrong with the practice test: if the statement agrees with the writer s views, if the statement contradicts the writer s views. In other words, we can potentially TRACK language by looking at the behaviour (UNCOUNTABLE) of other animals. I'm a French (frent) teacher, but I remember when I first started to learn the language, I really struggled ('strgl) with it. Still staying within Northern Italy, let us suppose that there are, say, ten such parameters that distinguish one grammar from another. A rite is a ceremony or event that leads to a new phase of life, like high school graduation or a bat mitzvah. To save a language from extinction isnt cheap - but more and more people are arguing that the alternative is the death of communities. civilization (n) (,sivlai'zein) (nn vn minh) Such a recent origin for language seems at first rather silly. / 39. When a language ceases to be learned by young children, its days are clearly numbered, and we can predict with near certainty that it will not survive the death of the current native speakers. It is an interesting factor although during the time of economic recession. (n) (cch li xe, s li xe). like a breath of fresh air: something new and exciting. The solution here was the creation in the 1980s of a unified written language for all these dialects. If good descriptions and materials are available, even extinct languages can be resurrected. Photo: K. RAMESH BABU. Occasionally, we find candidates trying to swap papers in the room, sometimes they would pay for another person to sit for the test for them. You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. E. a range of speakers of different ages archaic (a) (:'kei-ik) (c xa): from or relating to ancient times gelada baboon (b'bu:n) fossilize (v) ('fsilaiz) (lm ha , lm ha thch). Often, where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new life to them. 'Don't involve me in your family affairs!' 32. We might propose, then, that instead of counting languages in terms of external forms, we might try to count the range of distinct grammars in the world. On average, there is a language dying out somewhere in the world every two weeks or so. Some colleges and universities, however, waive the requirement for an IELTS score, if an Indian student has been studying in the English medium environment and if they have a certain minimum score in the 12th standard. Yet it's no secret that men gossip too. If they find a language with just a few speakers left, and nobody is bothering to pass the language on to the children, they conclude that language is bound to die out soon. 'Tim was being groomed for a managerial (,mn'diril)position. 'His mind wanders at times'. They argue that language is a form of symbolic communication that has its roots in, behavioral evolution. Thats the bottom line: getting the language documented - recorded, analysed, written down. He discovered a relationship between an animal's group sizes for early humans based on overall size of FOSSIL SKULLS. nomadic (nou'mdik) (a) (du mc), jar (h, bnh thy tinh): a glass container with a wide top and lid, used for storing food such as JAM or HONEY, or the amount it contains. The community itself must want to save its language. This is only the beginning, though. One random sampling of New Yorkers, for instance, resulted in answers like probably several hundred. However we choose to count them, though, this is not close. 10 ABCDEF People were encouraged to view the language with less prejudice. During this time, it remained an object of intense study and analysis by scholars. Teachers also need to be able to explain things clearly and in a way that is easy to follow. OPIUM (n) (thuc phin, c th gim au hoc gy ng): a powerful illegal drug made from POPPY seeds. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like I'm a French (frent) teacher, but I remember when I first started to learn the language, I really struggled 'Besides ability, the other essential element in political success is luck'. They cannot be abusive or personal. There are some famous cases which illustrate what can be done. Excerpts from the interview: How do you rate the popularity of the IELTS exam especially in the wake of the economic downturn experienced across the world? A precursor is something that happens before something else. (a1) = UNITED (thng nht) cohering (dnh cht vo nhau, c kt) or tending to cohere; well integrated speculate (v) ('spekjuleit) = GUESS (suy on) pinpoint (v) = locate exactly (xc nh, nh v chnh xc). First words: There are over 6,000 different languages today, but how did language evolve in the first place? The best known languages are those of the Indo-European family, to which English belongs. If we feel that some agents are misleading students through their advertisement or through their information, we cease to work with them. mutate (v) (mju:'teit) (t bin) There are international officers from the largest universities from the U.K. at those exhibitions. One of the reasons why IELTS is the global leader today is that the recognising institutions trust IELTS. Standard Italian uses a negative marker which precedes the verb (Maria non mangia la carne = Maria not eats the meat), while the language spoken in Pimonte (Piedmontese) uses a negative marker that follows the verb (Maria a mangia nen la carn = Maria she eats not the meat). We very much call it a real life test for the real world. Language immersion programmes were set up for sectors of the population. Detectives correlate pieces of evidence in order to solve crimes. 'Both faculty and student oppose ('pouz, phn i) the measures'. Of about 165 indigenous languages, only eight are spoken by as many as 10,000 people. Well, language can have two meanings: the infinite variety of, sentences that we string together, and the pointing and grunting communication that we, Marc Hauser (Harvard University) and colleagues argue that the study of animal, behavior and communication can teach us how the faculty of language in the, narrow human sense evolved. There needs to be funding, to support courses, materials, and teachers. The revised language is not the same as the original, of course. WebIt might seem that only a handful of languages are used around the world but in reality there are over 6000 languages that are used daily for communication. And when the reviving language is associated with a degree of political autonomy, the growth can be especially striking, as shown by Faroese, spoken in the Faroe Islands, after the Islanders received a measure of autonomy from Denmark. Hin nay ta c hn 6000 ngn ng khc nhau, nhng ngn ng tin 5 YESNONOT GIVEN Saving language should be the major concern of any small community whose language is under threat. CORRELATE WITH come close to (tip cn c, tin ti c) There is nothing unusual about a single language dying. Communities have come and gone throughout history, and with them their language. But what is happening today is extraordinary, judged by the standards of the past. It is language extinction on a massive scale. According to the best estimates, there are some 6,000 languages in the world. For example, throwing and making stone tools could have developed into simple gestures like pointing that eventually entailed a sense of self-awareness. (v1) (co) = scrape or rub as if to relieve itching On the other side of the world, Maori in New Zealand has been maintained by a system of so- called language nests, first introduced in 1982. (n2) (li nhc) Questions 28-32 anatomy (n) ('ntmi) (khoa gii phu) But all institutions will require some evidence of English language ability. Written samples of the language permitted its revitalisation. The region in which the language was spoken gained increased independence. We also have a database of any candidates who have performed malpractice. This is not a necessary step, however, for them to become participants in a larger economic or political order. (n2) (tng s ngi nhp c): the total number of people who immigrate. The staff are all Maori speakers from the local community. I didn't remember to bring my puppy, Fido, in from the snow until he began to frantically ('frtikli) (in cung) scratch at the door. WITH PINPOINT ACCURACY = very exactly. migration (mai'grein) (s di tr) (on ngi di tr, by chim di tr) A language can be brought back from the very brink of extinction. We are all BENT ON KEEPING TRACK OF other people and maintaining ALLIANCES (alliance, 'lains). APE (n) (kh khng ui, kh hnh ngi) bury ('beri) (v) -> BURIAL ('beril) (n) (L DANH T NHA B): (vic chn ct, vic an tng) It entailed far too much humiliation to justify (thanh minh, bo cha) the $3.55 an hour we were paid'. Ever heard of Gray's Anatomy not the TV show, but the 1858 medical textbook by Henry Gray? Languages (ri'beljn). And there need to be linguists, to get on with the basic task of putting the language down on paper. IELTS is an English language test for study, migration or work. Over three million people take our test every year. IELTS is accepted by more than 10,000 employers, universities, schools and immigration bodies around the world. Learn more about the test Who accepts IELTS scores. 'archaic words' (t c). 'Other people's houses always intrigued her'. But that still leaves about 165 of North Americas indigenous languages spoken at least to some extent today. Since the number of possible grammatical systems expands exponentially as the number of parameters grows, if we have only about 25 or 30 of these, the number of possible languages in this sense becomes huge: well over a billion, on the assumption of thirty distinct parameters. However, new government policies brought fresh attitudes and a positive interest in survival. anatomical (a) (v2) (lin quan, dnh lu vo) = ENGAGE (lin quan, dnh lu) as a participant May I know the book source of this academic reading (robots)? Certain parts of the world are more vulnerable than others to language extinction. Apes ARE RELIANT ON grooming to stick together, and that basically CONSTRAINS their social complexity to groups of 50. It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. Questions 33-35 Anatomy goes back to the Greek roots ana, meaning "up," and 'temnein' "to cut.". The genetic evidence is a gene called FOXP2, in which mutations appear, to be responsible for speech defects. When we look at the languages of the world, they may seem bewilderingly diverse. PINPOINTING the origin of language might seem like IDLE SPECULATION because sound does not FOSSSILIZE. We do have elaborate processes in place to ensure that these people are caught. C. Faroese There are some famous cases which illustrate what can be done. India (loi b) = postpone indefinitely (v thi hn) or annul ('nl, hy b) something that was scheduled What similarities and differences can you find between the settings of the two stories? Across India, literally there are thousands of education consultants. One signer had to pick a photograph and DESCRIBE it. The notion of distinctness among languages, then, is much harder to resolve than it seems at first sight. constrain SO FROM Ving Within a period of only a few years after the breakup of Yugoslavia as a political entity, at least three new languages (Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) had emerged, although the actual linguistic facts had not changed a bit. infinite (a) ('infinit) (v hn, khng m c): very great in amount or degree Two Language Acts protect the status of Welsh now, and its presence is increasingly in evidence wherever you travel in Wales. There is nothing unusual about a single language dying. The rate at which languages are becoming extinct has increased. World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. And as long as people continue to value it as a true marker of their identity, and are prepared to keep using it, it will develop new functions and new vocabulary, as any other living language would do. Nevertheless, the complexity of human expression, may have started off as simple stages in animal thinking or problem-solving. In a spoken language these units are words; in a sign language, these units are GESTURES. There are cases like this all over the world. It is called revitalisation. Over three million people take our test every year. 'Knowledge of human anatomy is essential to figure drawing'. 'She was freed from prison last week'. 19%. archaeologist (,:ki'ldist) (n) (nh kho c) The community itself must want to save its language. 'I watched the guys as they bantered with the waitresses'. intrigue against (m mu chng li). By using our website and services, you agree to our use of cookies. a globe doesn't have to be a spherical (hnh cu) representation of our planet; it can be anything shaped like one like a soccer ball or a gumball. F. Kauma behavioural science (bi'heivjrl) (khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi). It is not cheap, getting linguists into the field, training local analysts, supporting the community with language resources and teachers, compiling grammars and dictionaries, writing materials for use in schools. universities and colleges 12 ABCDEF A merger of different varieties of the language took place. Which THREE of the factors are mentioned by the writer of the text? In order to survive, a language needs to be spoken by more than 100 people. 'motor never' (dy thn kinh vn ng). One of the key advantages is the face-to-face speaking test. Well, you could just as easily say pride is a precursor to the fall. The most spoken language is Mandarin, followed by Spanish. Multilingualismin North America is usually discussed (apart from the status of French in Canada) in terms of English vs. Spanish, or the languages of immigrant populations such as Cantonese or Khmer, but we should remember that the Americas were a region with many languages well before modern Europeans or Asians arrived. WebOn the other hand, the Speaking test is done before a trained IELTS examiner. * This window is to review your answers only, you cannot change the answers in here. 'They then compared the relative strength of those bones to samples from a range of other primate species.' Having said that, we do, from time to time, find candidates who are trying to commit some form of malpractice or another. 29. 'Immigration fell in the 1980s'. Somewhat less fancifully, Kalabari and Nembe are two linguistic varieties spoken in Nigeria. (n1) (ko c g lm or ko lm g c, nhn ri) The most extensive catalog of the worlds languages, generally taken to be as authoritative as any, is that ofEthnologue(published by SIL International), whose detailed classified list as of 2009 included6,909 distinct languages. 'a cohesive organization' You'll find that only one of them has a snout. (kh u ch ng bc chu Phi). tied up in: very busy and unable to get away. 'draconian measures to control population growth'. It lacks the range that the original had, and much of the old vocabulary. If you compare IELTS test with TOEFL test, it is far ahead in terms of the numbers. (n1) (s t bin) A mutation is a genetic change that causes new and different characteristics, like the mutation on the dog's DNA that makes its tail shorter than its ancestors' tails. There are over 6, 000 different languages today, but how did language evolve in the first, Pinpointing the origin of language might seem like idle speculation, because sound, does not fossilise. In She thinks that Mary is smart, the pronoun she can refer to any female in the universe with one exception: she here cannot refer to the same individual as Mary. 'The company is planning to diversify into other mining activities'. GROOM SO TO Vo 'He was buried in the church yard of St Mary's' Two Language Acts protect the status of Welsh now, and its presence is increasingly in evidence wherever you travel in Wales.
