light sleeper personality
According to a new report, where you live can have a significant impact on your quality of sleep. Females tend to have an earlier chronotype than males, though some studies find that this gap disappears after approximately age 50. "Acid reflux can trigger both adrenaline release and pain," sleep expert Jacob Teitelbaum, MD, tells Bustle. While some people are able to sleep through the night without stirring, there are those of us who fall into the "light sleeper" category. Dr. Rehman, M.D., is a board-certified physician in Internal Medicine as well as Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism. Randler, C., Schredl, M., & Gritz, A. S. (2017). Explore the reasons why you may be waking at night and what you can do now. Adopt a healthy diet, and exercise early in the day. Soldiers may hold both themselves and other people to high standards. How Gold Medalist Gabby Thomas Does It, The 10 Best (and Worst) U.S. Cities for Sleep, How Losing Just 39 Minutes of Sleep Can Affect Your Kids Health, Why Ditching Daylight Saving Time Would Be Healthier for Everyone, Too Much or Too Little Sleep Can Increase Your Risk of Getting Sick. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. It will make the shirt you haven't seen in months feel twice as special. Meditation and yoga can both But by treating any underlying health conditions, as well as making a few tweaks to your daily routine, you can turn yourself into a deep sleeper, and snooze through the night with the best of 'em. The theory is that by taking turns sleeping, there would always be someone awake to keep watch. Many short sleepers were ambitious, type A personalities, but also incredibly positive, outgoing and optimistic. "There are four phases of sleep. If you're someone who suffers from acid reflux, it might be what's keeping you awake and for reasons you may not have even considered. What Do You Want to Know About Healthy Sleep? It sets the human rhythm, kicking off biological day. Web385 likes, 0 comments - Designer Bengal Singapore (@designerbengalsingapore) on Instagram: "What does your cats sleeping pose say about its personality? Medic, G., Wille, M., & Hemels, M. E. (2017). Sleep Medicine, 21, 3541. Easy going, social, and trusting of others. But if you must, try sleeping with a thin pillowor none at all. , with most people lying somewhere in between. Remember, lifestyle choices can play a big role in how well, and how deeply, you sleep. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. In truth, chronotypes fall on a Cespedes Feliciano, E. M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Quante, M., Redline, S., Oken, E., & Taveras, E. M. (2019). As Franceschetti says, the room should be anywhere from 61 and 68 degrees. Were better in relationships. Chronotypes in the US Influence of age and sex. For those who must adhere to a routine that does not match their chronotype, melatonin supplements, light therapy, or careful attention to sleep hygiene habits may help shift circadian rhythm to reduce insomnia and the effects of social jetlag. Today, it's easier than ever to find yourself slouched over a phone, or slumped over a laptop for hours at a time. WebDesign: Sleeper Number of Pieces: 2 Seating Capacity: 2 Upholstery Material: 100% Polyester Upholstery Color: Navy Blue Seat Fill Material: Foam Seat Construction: Pocket Spring, Sinuous Springs Back Fill Material: Foam Frame Material: Solid + Manufactured Wood Back Type: Cushion back Getting enough sleep is crucial for keeping your body and mind healthy. Chronotype, class times, and academic achievement of university students. This might include taking fewer naps during the day, limiting your caffeine intake, and staying off your phone before bed, he says. Being a light sleeper can be frustrating, but there are steps you can take to sleep more deeply. "Engaging in stressful activities at night, like working out, can raise your body's core temperature, increase your heart rate, and signal your body to release adrenaline," Ross says. Scientists know that most heavy dreaming occurs during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Trusted Source By virtue of a unique constituent protein called melanopsin, photoreceptors at the front of the eye are most sensitive to blue-light wavelengths. People who have a later chronotype may suffer from social jetlag and feel permanently tired if they need to wake up early for work or school. But if the problem is ongoing, your body may be trying to tell you something. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Proceedings. Many introverts feel embarrassed or even ashamed by their personality traits. SleepFoundation.org is not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC. The content on this website is for informational purposes only. Plagiarism is never tolerated. 1. View Source Toddlers need 11 to 14 hours (including naps). Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Dolphins are the rarest type of sleep animal, accounting for only 10 percent of the population. We all have a sleep style. Sleep chronotype "One way to get around this is to consume a small quantity of honey or a piece of peanut butter toast right before you go to bed," Ross says. Make your bedroom relaxing, quiet, and dark. Chronotype mediates gender differences in risk propensity and risk-taking. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information They are more the strong, silent type, rather than outgoing. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. "Sleep happens with your core temperature drops. If you have anxiety, there's a good chance that's what's keeping you up at night. In older adulthood, our chronotype shifts even earlier. Researchers havent definitively pinned down why people respond differently to possible disturbances while sleeping, but probable causes might include: Researchers do agree that the quality and quantity of sleep is important to your health. If noises wake you up at night, try falling asleep to a white noise playlist or keep a fan on. Light sleepers, they wake at the smallest noise to alert others of any present danger. Answering his online chronotype quiz will tell you whether you are more of a Roenneberg T. (2015). Sleep is absolutely crucial for your physical and mental health. We only cite reputable sources when researching our guides and articles. "Both of these disrupt deep sleep." We'll also go over what to look for when shopping. View Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Testing the Strength of the Titan Mattress: Is It Right for You? Listed news articles do not represent the opinion of Sleep Foundation and are provided for informational purposes only. Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. Sleeping on your left side in particular may help alleviate heartburn and acid reflux symptoms, promote digestion, and support lymphatic drainage, Cralle points out. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Is Waking Up in the Middle of the Night Making You Tired? It has a big hand in overall physical and mental health as well. Stage 2: Still considered light sleep, this stage is when Trusted Source Trusted Source Having Trouble Typing? All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. Its important to remember that chronotype likely interacts with many other factors to produce these trends. But knowing your sleep MO can help you fine-tune your Zzzs needs. Kowall, B., Lehnich, A. T., Strucksberg, K. H., Fhrer, D., Erbel, R., Jankovic, N., Moebus, S., Jckel, K. H., & Stang, A. by sleep deprivation due to social jetlag. Sleep needs vary according to age. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(3), 118125. Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, The 10 Best Affordable Mattresses of 2023, The 10 Best Mattresses for Side Sleepers with Back Pain. 1- Bears. At the center of it all is the circadian clock, a cluster of cells composing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) tucked into the brains hypothalamus, that oscillates on a schedule that synchronizes our lifeand all other life on the planetwith patterns of solar light. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information However, it can still be useful to have an idea of your chronotype, so you can adjust your schedule accordingly. Youre Not Alone, How To Stretch Your Hands, According To Physical Therapists, Trainers Say Walking 8,000 Steps A Day Is Just Fine, TYVM, Get Even More From Bustle Sign Up For The Newsletter. But melanopsin receptors have their own circadian schedule, and they are particularly sensitive during evening and nighttime hours. It ultimately comes down to what feels good for you and that youre waking up feeling rested and restored. Dolphins tend to wake at the slightest disturbance from noise or light. Researchers believe they may be able to dilute the effects of noise in the brain. View Source Conversely, an early bird may wake up bright and chipper for their 7 am shift, but then start to feel sleepy already in the late afternoon. Just ask yourself, am I really as comfortable as I can be every night? However, most people find they are unable to permanently change their chronotype. With each cycle, you spend progressively more time in REM sleep. set of habits Bear types should save their most difficult work tasks for the hours between 10 am and 12 pm. From adding in a water feature to making wise use of outdoor rugs, we've gathered up 35 nifty design ideas that will make your backyard retreat not only more attractive, but actually more useable. +50% Rest Rate Multiplier - 1.1 Great memory NAME has a fantastic memory for detail. If you consider yourself a light sleeper and its interfering with your ability to get a good, refreshing nights sleep, there are some lifestyle changes you can make to encourage better sleep habits. Trusted Source Being a light sleeper can be chalked up to lifestyle habits, health concerns, or a combination of the two, so read on for a few possible culprits, according to experts. WebPersonality traits: Starfish sleepers tend to be selfless, giving people, always ready to lend a helping hand or listening ear. View Source , from your mood and metabolism to your brain and your bones. WebTAKE THE SLEEP QUIZ Sleep Personality Types There are 8 types of personalities that tell you what kind of sleeper you are. Sunlight plays a central role in regulating your circadian rhythm. Limit naps during the day. Youve gotten into your comfortable pajamas and moved into just the right spot on your mattress. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication. This is the most common sleeping position among Americans (47%)and its more common with women than men. Thanks for the feedback - we're glad you found our work instructive! Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. View Source Your arousal threshold can be affected by a number of factors, such as: Sleep spindles You can also incorporate relaxation techniques into your bedtime routine, such as progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing exercises, or aromatherapy. The afternoon should be dedicated to more independent work, so if you're writing the next great American novel, do it between 2 pm and 4 pm. Gowen, R., Filipowicz, A., & Ingram, K. K. (2019). Set in New "Drinking caffeine late in the evening throws your body's internal clock out of whack," Ross says. Any creative brainstorming should happen between 8 pm and 10 pm when theirminds arewandering into sleep mode, and theyshould be aiming for bed at 11 pm. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. If you're ready for more, sign up to receive our email newsletter! Relevance of chronotype for eating patterns in adolescents. Some scientists believe that chronotype may differ according to geographical location as well, due to changes in daylight hours. Feel Like Your ADHD Meds Arent Working? Pagel, J. F., & Parnes, B. L. (2001). Last medically reviewed on April 9, 2019. Those who are more likely to wake up are often called light sleepers. The majority of middle-aged American adults do best with a bedtime between 11 pm and 12 am, and a wake-up time between 7 am and 8 am. Samson, D. R., Crittenden, A. N., Mabulla, I. Kalmbach, D. A., Cuamatzi-Castelan, A. S., Tonnu, C. V., Tran, K. M., Anderson, J. R., Roth, T., & Drake, C. L. (2018). Men are more likely to sleep in the Starfish position than women. The better we sleep, she says, the better we are in so many ways. WebLight sleeper is a physical trait in The Sims 3. The Sleep Foundation editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity. And you likely know at least one person who cant rest without their perfectly firm pillow and white noise machine cranked full-blast. Keep all screens, including televisions, computers, and cell phones, out of the bedroom. Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Babies need 12 to 16 hours (including naps). Brain function is especially tied to the timing and type of light exposure because photoreceptors in the human eyeretinal ganglion cellscommunicate directly with the brain, sending signals to the SCN master clock. Nature and Science of Sleep, 10, 193201. To find out which sleeping animal you are and for deeper insight, take the full quiz here. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Trusted Source Sleep Medicine Reviews, 22, 2336. require people to be active in the evening. Sleep Animals are a brand new way to categorize yourself based on your sleeping patterns. Trusted Source Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 718. She's focused on topics ranging from lifestyle, sustainability, science, health, and wellness space. "This can affect your body's internal clock and subdue the release of melatonin, which is a sleep-inducing hormone. We review the Titan mattress, which is specifically designed for people with more weight. Chronotype then gradually shifts earlier and earlier starting from the age of 20. Looking for the best budget mattress options? Blackout curtains can help minimize outside light. . risk-taking "If you eat by 5 or 6 p.m., then your brain starts to tell your body that it's time for more fuel around 2 or 3 a.m." And before you know it, you're awake. perform better in school "These two foods are difficult to metabolize, which should help keep your body busy during the night.". (2019). Stimulation of melanopsin-containing photoreceptors during the day aligns circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral activity with environmental time. bear, wolf, lion, or dolphin Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Some say freefallers dont take criticism well and tend to be brash, bold, and outspoken in nature. The leading platform of peer-reviewed literature that helps you move your research forward. Nature communications, 7, 10889. Science Direct These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information. View Source Trusted Source Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, 7 Best Adjustable Mattresses for Different Sleeping Preferences. Preschoolers need 10 to 13 hours (including naps). They were not just awake, they were driven. Vivid dreams can be positive or negative, realistic or fantasy. Sleep, 26(4), 413415. Find out how much you should get, Some mattresses off-gas harmful chemicals. Over time, cellular damage accumulates, manifesting in neurodegenerative disease. If naps aren't possible, then even a few moments of rest or meditation could do them some good. It is responsible for the fact that you feel more alert at certain periods of the day and sleepier at others. The molecular clock doesnt only regulate the amount and quality of sleep we get. The leading platform of peer-reviewed literature that helps you move your research forward. "One of the main factors that impact falling and staying asleep is temperature," Franceschetti says. When light sleepers wake up, it interrupts this cycle. These light sleepers are more likely to wake up feeling sleep-deprived, which has negative effects on mental and physical health and much more. They need to eat breakfast about an hour after waking up and they do their best work between 10 am and 12 pm. Trusted Source Journal of biological rhythms, 30(6), 487491. Boomers are more likely to sleep this way than millennials and Gen Xers. : While these types can give you a general idea of your ideal schedule, there will always be variations from person to person. Medications for the treatment of sleep disorders: an overview. . Two of the most popular Plus, getting high-quality, uninterrupted sleep is important to overall well-being. skipping breakfast and eating more in the evening, Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces & Mouthguards, Five Sleep Factors May Influence How Long People Live, Cueing With an Odor During Learning, Sleep, Testing Found to Boost Recall, Nocturnal Application of Certain Light Wavelengths to the Brain May Enhance Sleep, Living Near Green Spaces Associated With Health and Sleep Benefits for Women, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636610/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25252710/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26955885/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28364486/, https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/sleep/26.4.413, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28701566/, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244017728321, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07420528.2017.1281287, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191886906003072, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31118949/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29973467/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31120931/, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07420528.2017.1406493, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31524936/, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07420528.2016.1176927, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31302521/, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087079207000895, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07420528.2017.1306707, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0748730415603835, https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_breus_learn_the_perfect_hormonal_time_to_sleep_eat_and_have_sex/transcript, How to Create The Ideal Bedroom Environment. WebIt has a big hand in overall physical and mental health as well. TED Talks. This reinforces the idea that the easiest way to improve worker health may be simply to try matching shifts to a persons chronotype. Avoid eating large meals close to bedtime. So it's not just the other typical symptoms, such as heartburn or nausea, that might have you tossing and turning. Evidence is amassing that violating the circadian clock undermines mental and metabolic health and sets the stage for neurodegenerative conditions. Whether you identify with an animal chronotype or whether you simply know deep in your heart that you prefer being awake at night, having a better understanding of how you are wired may help improve your sleep quality and quality of life. Becausebear types get tired at sunset, it's best for them to try to get a nap in the afternoon if it's manageable. It features a 100 percent cotton fill, a linen-rayon blend on the surface, and a silky-soft cotton sateen backing. (2019). The American Pregnancy Association also recommends a left-side sleeping position for pregnant women. Just how sweeping are the hands of the circadian clock? "Again, this comes back to affecting your body's natural sleep cycle. Instead of resting peacefully, we toss and turn, wake up easily, and often feel tired as a result. The content on this website is for informational purposes only. WebSleeping Positions - Personality Traits & Effects on Health You may have never before thought much about which sleeping position you use. While mental stress can keep you awake, partaking in physically stressful activities right before bed can turn you into a light sleeper, too. Location & Hours Get directions Edit business info Sponsored Can Can Culinary Cabaret 607 1.1 miles away from Light Sleeper Staner, L. (2003). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Kalmbach, D. A., Schneider, L. D., Cheung, J., Bertrand, S. J., Kariharan, T., Pack, A. I., & Gehrman, P. R. (2017). Taking melatonin is not risk-free. The king mattress, which measures a standard 76 x 80 inches, contains 1340 individually questionnaires Each type is categorized based on the pattern of sleep that's most natural for them. The disturbance could be the outside noise, their partner shifting positions in bed, or a light turning on in the hallway. There are several things light sleepers can do to improve their sleep, including: Get some sunlight. SAGE produces high quality educational resources that support instructors to prepare the citizens, policy makers, educators and researchers of the future. Accepting your body fully, without stressing out, will help you relax. Curled up: Your cat might b" Designer Bengal Singapore on Instagram: "What does your cats sleeping pose say about its personality? Here are our top picks. View Source (2019, August 23). Take our sleep quiz to discover your sleeper type and read a few tips for getting those quality 7-plus hours for optimal health and well-being. The upshot may be misinterpretation of the intentions of others, the researchers believe. Trusted Source See additional information. The best time to exercise for lion types is around 5 pm, and bedtime should be around 10 pm. Certain physical health issues can keep you from falling into a deep sleep night, including an overactive thyroid , which is also known as hyperthyroidism. Trusted Source The freefall stomach sleeper has a couple of key traits that play into their overall personality. Being a light sleeper makes it tough to get a good nights sleep. These come from the two main components of this position: the pillow hugging and the sleeping on the stomach. Its possible that the differences between the genders are simply a product of societal factors such as household tasks, career progression, and retirement, which tend to follow different patterns for women and men. For maximum efficiency, dolphins should start their day with a workout around 6:30 am. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. Learn about the pros and cons, and who should buy this. It's also beneficial for them to eat as soon as they wake up to boost their energy. Here are some of the best. Everyday Certain medications can have serious side effects and should only be used as prescribed. "A light sleeper is someone who wakes up easily throughout the night due to noises, movements, etc.," Ramiz Fargo, MD, a sleep medicine specialist at Loma Linda National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. creative thinking View Source Multiple studies have found associations between chronotype and personality, health, and quality of life. The steady hum can help mask other noises so you can You lie on your back with both arms up by your pillow. Characterization of bimodal chronotype and its association with sleep: A population-based study. The disturbance could be the outside noise, Writers and editors caught stealing content or improperly citing sources are immediately terminated, and we will work to rectify the situation with the original publisher(s), Although Sleep Foundation maintains affiliate partnerships with brands and e-commerce portals, these relationships never have any bearing on our product reviews or recommendations. Get sunlight exposure early in the day to reinforce your natural circadian rhythms. What's Going On Inside Your Body During REM Sleep? Web385 likes, 0 comments - Designer Bengal Singapore (@designerbengalsingapore) on Instagram: "What does your cats sleeping pose say about its personality? Talented in art, drama, music, sports, mechanics, story-telling, sales, business, designing, building, or engineering. View Source Want to read more about all our experts in the field? A quick look at the 7 best night lights. Does your favorite sleep position reveal anything about your personality? Exercise at regular times every day and make sure to stop at least three hours before bedtime. National Center for Biotechnology Information Each of us is born with this basic mechanism of predictability, which is built into the brain and reiterated in every cell. Stomach sleeping can help reduce snoring and sleep apnea, so it may be a smart choice for people with mild versions of these conditions who cant get comfortable sleeping on their sides. But as someone with a handful of stomach sleepers as patients, Cralle says this position is a recipe for unnecessary neck pain and strain. Performing the same activities, in the same order, every night can help train your brain to recognize its time to sleep. Best for motion sensor activation: AMIR Motion Sensor Night Light. Sleep works in a cyclical fashion. The Sleep Foundation fact-checking guidelines are as follows: Chronotype is the natural inclination of your body to sleep at a certain time, or what most people understand as being an early bird versus a night owl. SleepFoundation.org does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment options. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends the following sleep guidelines: A good nights sleep can be described as: If youre a light sleeper, there are some habits you can develop to ensure the best possible sleep every night. "Using electronic devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets before bed stimulate your mind and body, which can make it more difficult to fall asleep in the first place," Ross says. View Source While most chronotypes fall within a reasonable range, the total possible range of bedtimes stretches as long as ten hours between extreme morning types and extreme evening types. Schedule your daily meetings between the hours of 10 am and 12 pm. They tend to be far quieter and more reserved than others. Dang-Vu TT, et al. The calmer you are, the more effective these sleep tips will be. 5 Common Sleep Problems That Can Mess With Your Mental Health, A New Approach for Assessing Sleep Duration and Postures from Ambulatory Accelerometry., Soldier to Starfish: How You Snooze Says a Lot About You., Research from the Better Sleep Council Uncovers How You Sleep May Reveal More than You Think., What to Expect From A First Therapy Session, Forgiveness: How to Let Go of Hurt So You Can Feel Better in 11 Steps, Happy Birthday Psycom: The 10 Most Meaningful Advances in Mental Health Since 1996, Am I "Normal"? No differences were found in personality, health, or academic performance but sleep EEG recordings showed that the short sleepers got less light stage 2 and The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. . The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. View Source Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Juda, M., Kantermann, T., Allebrandt, K., Gordijn, M., & Merrow, M. (2007). can also help light sleepers sleep better. Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile?. Journal of biological rhythms vol. Trusted Source One of the most popular online quizzes was made by Dr. Michael Breus, who describes four kinds of chronotypes, based on sleep-wake patterns seen in animals. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Sometimes, being a light sleeper can stem from the simplest of habits, such as not eating enough before bed. And this includes what you do as you get ready for bed. Likewise, those who prefer to go to bed earlier may not do well with social or cultural activities that are programmed later in the evening. In another approach, the four types can be recognized as Early Risers, Late Risers, High Energetic, and Always Tired. JAMA pediatrics, 173(11), 10491057. Generally, I consider stomach sleeping to be the worst of all options, with occasional exceptions, says Cralle. Follow a calming bedtime routine. The variation in test questions is one reason why researchers have found it difficult to make accurate generalizations about the specific traits associated with each chronotype. show that a diet high in protein may promote a deep, restorative sleep by inducing the secretion of a peptide that dampens sensory PER3 circadian clock gene spectrum WebPlease read our sub rules before commenting or your comment may be removed.. type 2 diabetes National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information. . Identifying shift worker chronotype: implications for health. This position, also known as the prone position, seems to be more common with Gen Xers and millennials, according to recent research by the BSC.
How To Smoke Chicken Feet For Dogs,
Job Info 2 Lesson 4 Identifying Commonly Used Electrical Materials,
Articles L