Graphology is defined as "The art that expects to find out, due to the characteristics of letters, some of the psychological traits of the writer". These essentially consist of ambiguous stimuli, with no formal and precise structure which allows the person wide margin of representation. Snyder CR, Shenkel RJ, Lowery CR (1977) Acceptance of personality interpretations: the Barnum Effect and beyond. The act of writing draws on the energy and the creative tension inside a metaphorical representation of the inner world. Ben Shakhar G, Bar Hillel M, Bilu Y, Ben Abba E, Flug A (1986) Can graphology predict occupational success? In this regard, it is worth pointing out that graphological studies are independent of judgments about everything from the narrative style and content of a paper, concentrating exclusively on the characteristics of the graphic trace that the person inscribes on the leaf. The handwriting analysis is characterized as a valuable tool for the dental treatment of so-called difficult patients. Nevo B (1989) Validation of Graphology through use of a Matching Method Based on Ranking. James KH, Gauthier I (2006) Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network. Results in this study showed that brain activity predominantly correlated with the right hemisphere indicating a greater neural efficiency positively modulated in the right hemisphere [57]. One of his famous treatise titled Intelligence and feeling. Gabriele Sani With regard to written production the specific function of this area is playing a role in allographic processing. New York Holt, Rinehart Winst. Yanagita M, Willcox BJ, Masaki KH, Chen R, He Q et al. According to graphologist John Beck, former chair of the British Institute of Graphologists, graphology is all about interpreting the symbols that appear in handwriting, in order to understand the psychological makeup of that person.. considered, unlike projective tests, graphology as a test sufficiently structured inherent in the writing itself and the lack of consideration of the textual content constituted one of the elements being assessed in responses to projective tests [13]. The method of writing Chinese calligraphy has been used and compared with meditation to test the hypothesis of the effects on stress reduction. Goodale MA (2005) Sight unseen: An exploration of conscious and unconscious vision. In addition, the precision of the estimates did not depend on the contents of the writings, although the handwritten texts were spontaneously produced [115]. Pulver, M (1972) Symbolik der Handschrift: ein Lehrbuch d. Graphologie. The words that are written somehow tell the story of those who produced them partly in a language of movement and partly in a language of symbolic images; psychiatry and psychology, by approaching graphology, can acquire useful clinical information to outline a personality profile [124-126]. contact@sciencerepository.org His training depends on the personal history of the individual and varies from individual to individual. The assessment methodology could differently to refer to the same school membership of the graphologist. Bollati Boringhieri. Rozin P, Nemeroff C (1990) The laws of sympathetic magic. correspond pursuant to the graphologists to specific personality traits, cognitive styles and emotional states. Carl Gustav Jung (1985) Lio e linconscio. The data in accordance with previous studies deposed to give to the species pressure the best predictor index of depression [49, 50]. Kristeva J (1994) Soleil noir, quelques aspects de la dpression feminine. The Collective Unconscious for Jung is universal, contains mythological, fantastic images, customs, traditions of past and present peoples. He showed interest particularly in handwriting movement and dynamism. Kao H, Zhu L, Chao AA, Chen HY, Liu IC et al. . Graphology developed in conjunction with psychiatry in Europe, not with popular psychology as it did here in the United States. Cohen L, Dehaene S, Naccache L (2000) The visual word form area. The interpretative hypothesis in these cases was that of a conversion of the symptom expression, which is not necessarily obvious to all patients in treatment. Generally, the findings observed are constituted by a handwriting more loose and fluent in parallel with a greater autonomy in behaviour, as an index of acquisition of a certain maturation of self. In 1991, a study conducted with the same intent did not seem to get anything of significant in the use of graphology on the evaluation of the aspects of personality [102]. Useful supplement to improve the results of the survey were information about age, gender and the cultural level of the writer. Anderson N, Witvliet C (2008) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Methods: An international comparison between the Netherlands, the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, and Singapore. In a meta-analytic review conducted by Neter and Ben-Shakhar it has been stressed the predictive value determined by the acquisition of informative, autobiographical and content data in comparison with a pure handwriting analysis that overlooks the evaluation of the content of the text [106]. Graphology, handwriting, psychology, neurosciences, biology. The author insisted on the prerequisites of the experience, training and observation in the use of tools of graphology, not separated even by good psychological skills. We have gradually focused on the description of the various fields with which, over time until today, the graphologists have dealt according to experimental and epistemological methodologies along a spectrum that ranges from studies on the character, the neuronal and biological correlates, the use in the forensic field, until to the contributions to career counseling and personnel selection. The usefulness of these parameters resides in assessing now, the will of the testators handwriting, by then, before his death, the mental condition of a deceased person. In this connection it may be interesting to remember that sometimes the activity of the cerebellum is evident even when the writing is imagined and when the control activity involves a manual motor task [90, 95]. Ben Shakhar G (1989) Non-conventional methods in personnel selection. These psychoanalysts starting to work together agreed on the existence of a hidden and inaccessible part of consciousness in the human soul: The Unconscious, however from a certain moment onwards their paths began to diverge. (2008) Learning through Hand- or Typewriting Influences Visual Recognition of New Graphic Shapes: Behavioral and Functional Imaging Evidence. On the contrary, regarding the belief that graphology is widely used in the selection of personnel in Europe, Bangerter et al. Beeson P, Rapcsak S, Plante E (2003) The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. assessment center praxis der personalpsychologie band 3. the However there has been an upswing in the number of functional neuroimaging investigations in this field. In the period of Imperial Rome, Suetonius believed that to understand the character of Augustus it would have been useful to get information from the study of his handwriting. The results from the study were a decrease in pressure in people affected by depression and a lengthening of the time of execution of the written in people suffering from depression in comparison with the control group. found an activation of neurons of the parietal cortex around the left superior parietal area which is part of the writing centers as reported by Sugihara et al. Is a projective personality test, that lets you know someone's temperament, genetic factors that lead our behaviors, biological basis, and character. The influence of these two archetypes is much more difficult to delineate than the previous ones, but the awareness of both would allow the human being to discover and acquire the heterosexual element of his own psyche, widening the possibility and the conscience towards a greater wealth inner [11]. Klages founded at Monaco an institute for the study of characterological psychology [5]. Robert NA du texte (1991) La graphologie: de la connaissance de soi au recrutement professionnel / Nolle Robert. The areas of application and use of graphology interested in psychology, education, medicine, forensic context, couple, career guidance, personnel selection [20-23]. Correlations with Measures of Perception, Cognitive Function, and Personality. Williams M, Berg Cross G, Berg Cross L (1977) Handwriting Characteristics and Their Relationship to Eysencks Extraversion-Introversion and Kagans Impulsivity-Relfectivity Dimensions. For graphologists the handwriting is one of those non-verbal forms of expression that underlie mental mechanisms a more or less conscious to the individual. The handwriting process consists of hands stereotyped movements involving two basic motor components, that is, holding firmly a pen with fingers and moving hand and fingers to produce a text. The connotations of projective tests are according to Frank, therefore, linked to the lack of a structured stimulus, the wide range of response options [18]. The best-known pseudo psychologies all make the unfounded suggestion that various external events or characteristics can affect or determine personality. It is a discipline connoted by an experimental nature which seeks to outline the complexity of individual psycho-physical behaviour, through the rigorous and meticulous analysis and interpretation of graphic signs detected in handwriting. The study of physical characteristics and patterns of someone's handwriting is known as graphology. In addition, their paper argued the activation of inferior frontal gyrus is related not only to the volume, but also to a behavioural measure of phonological processes [57]. It can be used to identify the writer of a document, to analyze their personality, and to detect forgeries. During its beginnings, Graphology tried to get to know the individual, analyzing the different characters of writing. As far as the first, he metapsychologically worked on a definition and a broad treatment of the three instances called Id, Ego and SuperEgo, which respectively constitute the sites of instinctual drives, where the Id pursues the pleasure principle, the Ego embodies the sense of reality and tends to defer the satisfaction of desire, when it is possible and the SuperEgo performs a normative and model function respect to which the Ego must mediate on the forces of the Id [7]. Finally, future research regarding the neural substrates of handwriting are needed in order to highlight critical questions concerning the neural bases of written language productions that still need to be addressed. These hypotheses are linked to those of the so-called magical thinking [119]. Crespo Y, Ibaez A, Soriano MF, Iglesias S, Aznarte JI (2019) Handwriting movements for assessment of motor symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder. Andre Deutsch. Berninger, Virginia W, Winn WD (2006) Implications of Advancements in Brain Research and Technology for Writing Development, Writing Instruction, and Educational Evolution. Graphology, in fact, attest its usefulness in gaining valuable insights about the character; in general, it can highlight elements such as vitality, energy, strength of will, originality, characteristics of intelligence and at the same time, any specific deficiencies, as a state of mental weakness, conditions of anxiety, emotional distress, and poor level of self-esteem. Nikolaou I, Judge TA (2007) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Techniques in Greece: The role of core self-evaluations. Handwriting analysisalso known as graphologyhas been deemed a pseudo-science by most. On the other hand, the handwriting seems to contain within it a myriad of facets and a wealth of features that could be difficult to disconnect from the writers own type [40]. Cohen L, Dehaene S (2004) Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area. conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. Roux FE, Dufor O, Giussani C, Wamain Y, Draper L et al. Dean DJ, Teulings HL, Caligiuri M, Mittal VA (2013) Handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic nave adolescents at high risk for psychosis. London. Only in Europe in 1985 Sharma and Vardhan had found that 85% of jobs working on farms was based also the use of graphology [27]. Handwritings analysis of these persons has also allowed the identification of a capacity not yet developed, and to invest in the right direction [21, 38]. Pantheon Books. In two groups of 40 persons, the first composed by successful manager and the second by volunteers, graphics samples have been analysed by three graphologists that succeeded to identify with accuracy the handwritings respectively belonging to the group of professionals and those of the control group. Rosenblum S, Werner P, Dekel T, Gurevitz I, Heinik J (2010) Handwriting process variables among elderly people with mild Major Depressive Disorder: a preliminary study. i) The fusiform gyrus is most relevant to selectivity to letter, word stimuli and deriving word-form [74-78]. Giannini M, Pellegrini P, Gori A, Loscalzo Y (2019) Is Graphology Useful in Assessing Major Depression? AN INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHOLOGY: DEFINITION, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS miscelnea: a journal of english and american studies 51 (2015): pp. Renna Nezos, director of the British Academy of Graphology and of the London College of Graphology, is a pioneer and bases his analysis of the handwriting on well-structured research methods. Lemke EA, Kirchner JH (1971) A Multivariate Study of Handwriting, Intelligence, and Personality Correlates. With the study of handwriting some paradoxes of a persons character can be comprehended through graphology. Neter E, Ben Shakhar G (1989) The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytic approach. The literature suggests that abnormalities of movement are a key feature also observed in psychosis [60]. in: P. Herriot. Tedeschi G (1950) DallInconscio personale di Freud allInconscio collettivo di Jung. Lowis and Mooney examined whether specific components of the writing of a sample of 100 students could connect to the personality traits and the success that they obtained in written examinations [107]. The extension of the graphological methodology also in the field of dentistry in a survey of 2013 differentiated behaviours and psychological tendencies manifested during the application of the prosthesis in relation to the emotional state [56]. In psychosexual development, the passages are described by Freud as critical moments that do not always travel naturally towards each other to the arrival of conflicting conditions or, to use a term introduced by him, for not overcoming the complex or the trauma or of the shock occurred. In this regard, Dean et al. In the Jungian conception, the Shadow constitutes a set of instinctual desires and primitive emotions in contrast with society, plays an influential role in the Personal Unconscious where it indicates the darkness of the individual and in the Collective Unconscious as a phenomenon common to all humanity. Jacobi, J (1973) La psicologia di C. G. Jung. Barrett observes the multifaceted aspects of a personality that are reflected in the handwriting and can be expressed sometimes in contradictory sense [100]. assessment center zur identifizierung von. It takes a wide range of activities to study handwriting. He applied himself, among other things, to the study of the relationships between the handwriting and the physical features of the person conceiving a real system of measurement expressed in decimal classification. For example Linderman explained that the graphologist can recognize marked managerial skills to three different people without considering that one of them could recognize himself relating him to his own organizational skills, and the other to those relating to the knowledge of his work and the third to his interpersonal skills [118]. Handwriting analysis dates back to many centuries ago. Important characteristics of graphological studies are considered the harmony and disharmony levels of handwriting such as the reflection of the balance degree of the writer. Grace N, Johnson BP, Rinehart NJ, Enticott PG (2018) Are Motor Control and Regulation Problems Part of the ASD Motor Profile? investigated the use of handwriting in the study of motor abnormalities in patients suffering from bipolar or psychotic disorders. strm J, Thorell LH (2007) Graphometric Variables of Ones Signature: I. Such activation is explained as the result of motor control functions derived from complex finger movements [94]. Learn more. They pointed out twelve cortical and subcortical functional regions associated at different degrees with writing precesses. Sepapaja tn 6, Harju maakond Furnham, Premuzic AC, Callahan IT (2003) Does Graphology Predict Personality and Intelligence? Satow R, Rector J (1995) Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership. This is an example of how it is applied in psychology, counseling, and education. The Shadow constitutes that set of removed dispositions integrated to the global personality in a guise of contraposition to the imposed predispositions present in the Person enclosing forever useful values to the conscience and to the completion of the personality, even if difficult to integrate in life. graphology definition: 1. the study of the way people write letters and words, especially in order to discover things. The neural substrates underlying handwriting are still not well understood because there are a number of brain areas which interact and which are responsible for various aspects of the ability to write. In the course of the evolution of the studies on writing, the graphologists drew in parallel on the areas that were developing and expanding in psychological theories and practices, in particular important points of reference for them were Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. ii) The superior parietal lobule (SPL) is critical in guiding the movement of the body in the space, it has been linked with visuospatial and visuomotor neural processes and it is associated with the execution of writing [79-82]. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. Lindeman M (1998) Motivation, cognition and pseudoscience. gy gra-fl--j plural graphologies : the study of handwriting especially for the purpose of character analysis graphological In this way, through studies and clinical practice, Freud traced in his patient the fixation conditions to one or the other phase. Other criticisms were moves to graphology in terms of scientific reliability already beginning to experimental work examined by Fluckinger and coworkers in 1961 that judged poor graphology inference; and subsequently Klimoski et al. Sussex 19958, Delaware It would be particularly interesting to start from the characteristics traced by graphology, through such a refined and complex technique, to correlate them to the evidences that emerge from the use of the psychometric tools. Van Gemmert AW, Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE (1999) Parkinsons disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting. Gimenez P, Bugescu N, Black JM, Hancock R, Pugh K et al. have contested to graphology the usefulness of a reliable methodology [102-104]. Roux FE, Draper L, Kpke B, Dmonet JF (2010) Who actually read Exner? (2009) The graphemic/motor frontal area Exners area revisited. Bollati Boringhieri. Rosenblum et al. The results were in agreement with the increasing evidence that alterations of movement are a key feature of the risk of psychosis and that appear to be associated with a dysregulation of the dopaminergic fronto-striatal system since the literature reports that patients with Parkinsons disease treated with dopamine agonists displayed a higher frequency of displacing movements of the pen and patients who suffer from schizophrenia not treated with neuroleptics showed abnormalities of movement [61-64]. Additionally, these anatomical findings corroborate findings in functional neuroimaging studies illustrated by Panton and colleagues that conceptualized a positive correlation between inferior frontal gyrus and handwriting [90]. Outside Europe, in Israel the estimated percentage was 16%, in America it was noted that more than 3,000 companies appealed to graphology in the personnel selection [30]. Domain specific cognitive impairments following focal damage in frontal cortex. The writing is, of course, less qualified, less elaborate, but to the skilled eye is exactly the same and shows the same characteristics, the same details and the same trends of the person that has been object of specific interest and expertise from graphology [101]. Shackleton, Viv Newell S, Day AL (1994) European management selection methods: A comparison of five countries. Bradley N (2002) The applications and prices of Graphology. The term derives etymologically from the Greek, consisting of the word graph meaning to write and logos signifying word, study, therefore graphology is the study of writing. Salvatore Mazza On the extreme side of depression, in cases of anti-conservative gestures, Mouly et al. Gawda B (2013) Little evidence for the graphical markers of depression. De Rosa AG, Pacini A, Scaroni E, Riccardo F, Nardi L et al. have started from the hypothesis that depressed patients drew and wrote much more slowly than the control groups as already shown by other studies, and examined 37 depressed patients and 37 healthy individuals [59]. Linderman M, Lebedev MA, Erlichman JS (2009) Recognition of Handwriting from Electromyography. Morecraft RJ, Cipolloni PB, Stilwell Morecraft KS, Gedney MT, Pandya DN (2004) Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the posterior cingulate and adjacent somatosensory fields in the rhesus monkey. Graphology is a stylistic instrument which makes Ushie's writing peculiarity, an illustrating example of style as deviation from the actual linguistic norm. Handwriting for graphology was and is still regarded as an expression of projective aspects of the self of the person in the same way psychology uses projective techniques. Graphemics deals with the customary ways we transcribe spoken language . He devoted himself to the study of the Unconscious throughout his entire psychological research, referring to the personal Unconscious as a set of all those things that have been forgotten and subliminally perceived and that do not reach consciousness to its inability to contain them all [10]. Editions T. Schfer A (2016) Graphology in German psychiatry (1870-1930). Although incidence and prevalence rates are difficult to establish, attention has been focused mostly on whether prevalence is increasing with time and on the relationship between the number of graphology and active working population (Figure 1) [2]. King and Koehler have supported the phenomenon of illusory correlation in the use of graphology for the definition of personality traits [37]. Cambridge University Press 205-232. However, in our opinion seems trite and simplistic to attribute to graphology coarse inferences that link the size of the letters in the handwriting to a way to think big or not, or that the distance between the written words can defined exclusively and separately the dimension of writer proxemic attitude towards the other characterizing as well as distanced/detached or near/intrusive [54]. Everything presumably because it can be perceived as a focus or because it may have effects of meditation. have focused on a group of 20 elderly people who had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder compared with a control group of the same number of people [48]. Moving beyond the observation that the neural substrates underlying brain structures involved in handwriting process represent an equally intriguing yet elusive concept, Platon and co-workers described studies that have managed to move toward a greater understanding of the neural system contributing to written language productions [90]. Grafton ST, Fadiga L, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G (1997) Premotor Cortex Activation during Observation and Naming of Familiar Tools. Consequently, more women re-enter for man in his image of internalized woman and vice versa many men picture for women the representation of their male ideal. Instrumental analysis highlighted specifically a dysfunction of the basal ganglia and/or reduced activity of the sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area as a possible substrate for hand-motor disorders in depression. Dehaene S, Cohen L, Sigman M, Vincher F (2005) The neural code for written words: a proposal. McNeal JU (1967) Graphology: A New Marketing Research Technique. Stoodley C, Schmahmann J (2009) Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Between 1889 and 1978 the Estonian psychologist Ania Teillard before he dedicated herself to the study of Jung and later became a pupil of Klages and established contacts with Pulver, Saudek and Crpieux-Jamin. Graphology is a technique that allows us to become knowledgeable of ourselves and also explore those who surround us. Among the best-known examples, the test of Inkblots of Rorschach is most fitting [16]. Through her contribution entitled The soul and handwriting new horizons have been opened for graphology combining in an original way the first and in particular the spatial symbolism of Pulver with the depth psychology and the Jungs theory of psychological types. investigate how children affected by autism spectrum disorder plan and control their handwriting actions [67]. On the other hand, the techniques of Eastern meditation such as Zen and yoga are traditionally an effective means for the psychological well-being, depressive disorders and generalized anxiety, substantiated by empirical evidence. New. Part 2: The Answer Is No. Freud distinguished four unconscious evolutionary phases of the psychic world as regards the maturing destiny of the drive energies, represented respectively by the oral, anal, phallic and genital phase [8]. It is a science because it measures the structure and movement of the written forms - slants, angles and spacing are accurately calculated and the pressure is observed in magnification and with precision. This is the first reflection which aims to delineate clearly the identity of graphology, facing with critical rigor the epistemic contradictions and doubts related to this discipline to outline horizons in which systematizing its contribution. To restrict the field to a psychological and psychological-clinical position, the stimulus that we felt in this exploration work could be to open a way of perspective comparison between different points of view in order to search for elements of correspondence in the study of personality and health mental, through the identification and use of tools that can be correlated between them by both parties respecting criteria of validity, sensitivity, reliability and significance.
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