Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since then, frequent outbreaks have occurred in Central and Western Africa. Updates to the zoonotic niche map of Ebola virus disease in Africa. The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks - PubMed https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433 Abstract Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. Would you like email updates of new search results? Symptoms usually appear 810 days after exposure, with a range of 221 days. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986 Ebola virus can spread to people when they have contact with an infected animals blood, body fluids, or tissues. Such an idea was supported by experimental studies in African plants and animals that resulted in the transmission of the Zaire Ebola virus to African fruit and insectivorous bats, although a conclusive link could not be established. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Kaur, Gurmeet and Sachdeva, Sandeep and Jha, Diwakar and Sulania, Anika, Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad (January 12, 2017). (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on emergence and ??accessibility.screen-reader.external-link_en_US?? More info. Data | Global Ebola Response * A probable or suspected case becomes CONFIRMED when a sample from that person tests positive for EVD in laboratory. The .gov means its official. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone - a case study of 581 patients. Bull World Health Organ. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. * A suspected case (evaluated by a clinician) or person who died from suspected EVD and had an epidemiological link to a confirmed case (but was not tested and did not have laboratory confirmation of the disease) becomes PROBABLE. Medecins Sans Frontiers (2014) says, It is a highly infectious virus that can kill up to 90 percent of the people who catch it (Ebola Emergency, n.d.). %PDF-1.5 Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 1 - Section 8 - CDC 3 0 obj Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). A directory of local health departments is located at, Visit the VDH website that contains information on Ebola virus disease at, Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. The triangle has three corners (vertices): PDF Ebola outbreak lesson plan - PBS Keywords: AFROs regional director, Dr. Luis Sambo, called for greater epidemiological aid and implementation of the IHRs alert system requirements. Disease outbreak news. How can Ebola virus disease be prevented? Although Ebola caught the worlds attention during the 1995 outbreak in Zaire, the first outbreak occurred in 1976. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. World Health Organization. Li ZJ, Tu WX, Wang XC, Shi GQ, Yin ZD, Su HJ, Shen T, Zhang DP, Li JD, Lv S, Cao CL, Xie RQ, Lu HZ, Jiang RM, Cao Z, An ZJ, Li LL, Xu J, Xiong YW, Zang W, Zhang W, Zhang HW, Chen WS, Ling H, Xu W, Cai J, Luo HJ, Xing XS, Zheng CJ, Wei Q, Li XX, Li M, Jiang H, Deng LQ, Chen MQ, Huo X, Xu F, Lai XH, Bai XC, Ye LJ, Yao JY, Yin WW, Sun JJ, Xiao L, Liu FQ, Liu XQ, Fan HW, Kou ZQ, Zhou JK, Zhang H, Ni DX, Samba TT, Li Q, Yu HJ, Wang Y, Liang XF. In humans, the disease is spread through contact with infected bodily fluids leading to haemorrhagic fever (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015). The triangle comprises three vertices: the agent (the cause of the infection), the host (disease reservoir), and the environment (extraneous factors) responsible for transmission (Kaur, Sachdeya, Jha, & Sulania, 2017). https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft, 2018-2020: the worlds second largest outbreak in the north Kivu and Ituri provinces of the DRC in 2018 was declared over on June 25, 2020, with a total of 3481 cases and 2299 deaths (case fatality rate 66%). stream https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. [24]Report of an International Commission. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal endobj The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of News Medical. Unfortunately, aside from the Zaire ebolavirus, there is currently no data on the potential reservoirs of the other four Ebola virus species. Characteristic burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also represent an important path of transmission. 2021 May 14;19(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01996-5. [6]Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. Design a strategy to contain the Ebola outbreak. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. News-Medical, viewed 01 May 2023, https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. The case, a 46-year old woman, died after being hospitalized for 23 days for symptoms thought to be related to her known comorbidities. There were many factors at play in this outbreak, such as the emergence of a new strain Ebola virus; a lack of preparedness in West. January 2015 [internet publication]. Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. Sikakulya, Franck Katembo (2) To the United States, there had never been any worry about the disease until September twentieth of 2014. [32]World Health Organization. CHAPTER 2 - Retrospective studies conducted by WHO staff and Guinean health officials identified the index case . Text Version of Timeline. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html Ebola health update:north Kivu/Ituri, DRC, 2018-2020. Ebola virus disease Guinea. Infection with the Ebola virus in Africa has occurred through the handling of infected gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, fruit bats, forest antelopes, and porcupines. World Health Organization. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full On March 23, the WHOs Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) released the first Ebola report on the emergence of the disease in Guinea. [30]World Health Organization. Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced in a laboratory or other manufacturing facility that act like natural antibodies to stop a germ such as a virus from multiplying after it has infected a person. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html. The exact source of Ebola infections remains an open question, and despite all the efforts, there remains a lack of clear indicators about the reservoir of the virus. The emerging diagnostic technologies, rapid viral characterization, geospatial mapping of EVD transmission, and new treatments and vaccines are discussed. PDF triad Preprint not peer reviewed Emerg Infect Dis. Those vertices are "agent," "host," and "environment." https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685 United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Office for Project Services, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER). Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. Bookshelf This page was processed by aws-apollo-l1 in. Recent outbreaks. Ebola virus disease Guinea. Transmission in this outbreak was traced back to the use of contaminated needles in an outpatient clinic at Yambuku Mission Hospital. Eastaugh, Lin S. endobj News-Medical.Net provides this medical information service in accordance Avoid contact with semen from a man who had EVD until you know the virus is gone from the semen. Reporting time of the first cases of Ebola to WHO has been reduced (P = .017) and case fatality (P = .028) has gone from 88% to 62% in the period studied. The Zaire ebolavirus was responsible for the outbreak that started in West Africa in 2014 and finished in 2016. News-Medical. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON325. It can help your students understand infectious diseases and how they spread. Each genus includes some serotypes with the distinctive characteristics to cause high mortality rate during outbreaks. WHO recommended criteria for declaring the end of the Ebola virusdisease. The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. Of all cases and deaths resulting from the disease, 99.8% occurred in three neighbouring West African countries - Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea (WHO, 2014). Infect Dis Poverty. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. Keywords: Ebola is not spread through the air (for example, by coughing or sneezing), by water, or through cooked food. Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. Bull World Health Organ. Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment - The Biology Notes stream http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2023. Still, pigs can act as an amplifying host, thus potential transmission routes need to be further addressed. [28]New York Times. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. FOIA https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398. Jul 2022 [internet publication]. Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. 2022: the fourteenth outbreak in the DRC started on April 23, 2022 in the quateur province and was declared over on July 4, 2022, with a total of 5 cases and 5 deaths (case fatality rate 100%). Ebola Virus Disease: Rapid Diagnosis and Timely Case Reporting are Critical to the Early Response for Outbreak Control. 1). In addition to his interest in clinical, research and lecturing activities, his immense passion for medical writing and scientific communication goes back to his student days. (4) The disease was originated from and named after a river in the Democratic of Congo. Special laboratory tests of the blood are needed to confirm the diagnosis of EVD. Render date: 2023-04-29T22:21:14.756Z PMC MeSH In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Between March and May of 2014, the WHO sent more than 100 experts to aid in the control of the outbreak. PLoS One. Emerg Microbes Infect. Disease Outbreak News. N Engl J Med. Epub 2022 Apr 6. World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease - pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management. 8600 Rockville Pike Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One. Clin Microbiol Infect. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com. Disclaimer. Nov 2020[internet publication]. With a case fatality rate from about 50% to 90%, and the absence of preventative or curative therapies, the Ebola epidemic has led to overall global alarm and further elucidated existing global health disparities that perpetuated the epidemic with these West African countries. Nazimek K, Bociaga-Jasik M, Bryniarski K, Gaas A, Garlicki A, Gawda A, Gawlik G, Gil K, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Olszanecki R, Piatek A, Zawiliska B, Marcinkiewicz J. PDF Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle through Infectious Disease - CDC How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? [25]Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. It was observed that the level of uncertainty for the estimations is relatively high which may hinder to make some predictions for the future evolution of EVD outbreak. Effective outbreak control requires a multidisciplinary team effort applying case management, infection prevention and control practices, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe and dignified burials, and social and community mobilization. 1, 2 Due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its management and control, as well as the need for a What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? Organize key facts from your research by agent, host and environment. 2022. There is no specific treatment approved for EVD. 4 0 obj doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179356. Recently in 2014, there was a major outbreak from Ebola. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in those areas. Still, successful isolation of the Marburg virus from the cave-dwelling species of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus lends support to the proposed idea of bats as a reservoir species for all filoviruses. You will find three available alternatives; typing, drawing, or capturing one. Dec 2021 [internet publication]. A study conducted in Liberia in 2014 proved such hypothesis to be true and concluded that prompt and accurate isolation of infected patients was a safe method. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com, 2022: an outbreak ofSudan ebolavirusdisease in Uganda started on September 20, 2022 and was declared over on January 11, 2023, with a total of 142 confirmed cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 39%). Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. There is no FDA-authorized treatment for the three other strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. January 2023 [internet publication]. N Engl J Med. Woolsey C, Fears AC, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Dobias NS, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Cross RW. 2019 Sep 29;6(1):435-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015708. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351. It . An official website of the United States government. The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. More active disease surveillance needs to occur. [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. } https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-, 2018: small outbreak in the DRC with 54 cases and 33 deaths (case fatality rate 61%).[2]World Health Organization. New York Times. [35]World Health Organization. Avoid contact with other peoples blood or body fluids. Clin Microbiol Infect. Clearly, Ebola is a catastrophic virus which has gathered a lot of attention. PDF Ebola outbreak: mission instructions and resources student guide - PBS 1. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Do ketogenic diets elevate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels? Spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone. Ebola - Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Clinical trials demonstrate safety and efficacy of Ebola Zaire vaccines, New technology may enable rapid diagnosis of Ebola virus, Researchers harness stem cells to study how Ebola virus infects and damages the liver, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60667-8/fulltext, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153011/, http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/obk-14-0036-early-epidemic-dynamics-of-the-west-african-2014-ebola-outbreak-estimates-derived-with-a-simple-two-parameter-model/, http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/ebola_marburg_fevers/pages/index.aspx, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/, http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/index.html, Uganda confirms seven cases of Ebola and one death, Trial of three vaccines for Zaire Ebola virus disease, State-of-the-art Biocontainment Unit opened at MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, www.cidrap.umn.edu//commentary-health-workers-need-optimal-respiratory-protection-ebola, High-protein diet counters adaptive thermogenesis in prediabetic individuals. ]X_@\ Am J Trop Med Hyg. Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad - SSRN Aug 2022 [internet publication]. Complete each fillable area. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-recommended-criteria-for-declaring-the-end-of-the-ebola-virus-disease-outbreak, UK Health Security Agency: ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers - outbreaks and case locations To learn more, visit Meta-analysis shows phytosterol-fortified foods effectively lower LDL cholesterol levels. You will use the example of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in describing the three vertices (corners) of the Epidemiologic Triangle. 2022 Jul;112(7):1025-1033. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.306842. The disease as it was discovered spread through direct contact of unmans to humans, and then thought, from non-human primates to humans. Fields virology. Model-based evaluation of the impact of prophylactic vaccination applied to Ebola epidemics in Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo. with these terms and conditions. Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. Ladak, Reese Jalal Ebola Virus Epidemiology - News-Medical.net Feature Flags: { Epidemiology of Epidemic Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry and Surrounding Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. Nobody had any. The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks. The case fatality rate during the 2014 outbreak was up to 64.3% in hospital admissions,[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398, 2021: the thirteenth outbreak in the DRC started on October 8, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on December 16, 2021, with a total of 11 cases and 9 deaths (case fatality rate 82%). 2016, p. 2). %PDF-1.5 jR06%oX^qTOHYs"F$+QI$G&Eem]Km^a*S3sFcz_ 1&. May 2021 [internet publication]. These particular monoclonal antibodies bind to part of the Ebola viruss surface to prevent the virus from entering a persons cells. Call your local health department. Nov 2020[internet publication]. 2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. For any urgent enquiries please contact our customer services team who are ready to help with any problems. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. Emerg Infect Dis. Report of an International Commission. Kavulikirwa, Olivier Kambere The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems. It is a disease brought by unclean individuals. The virus enters the body through broken skin, through the eyes, nose or mouth, or through sexual contact. Retrospective observational study of 38 outbreaks of Ebola disease occurred from 1976 through 2019, excluding laboratory accidents. Ebola Virus Epidemiology. The Epidemiologic Triangle The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as "the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period." Early reports of Ebola virus disease from Guinea, CDC field team deployed. [29]World Health Organization. and transmitted securely. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com. 14091448. Ebola was first recognized in 1976 as the cause of outbreaks of disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire) and in Sudan. This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus). "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". Jun 2021 [internet publication]. The determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease - an evidence from The virus enters the host through mucous membranes, breaks, cuts, and abrasions in the skin, or by parenteral introduction. It is important to note that the airborne transmission of Ebola has not been documented, which is comparable to how other respiratory viruses such as the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are spread. 1978;56(2):271-93. },}2}yb With the current outbreak, this ratio has dramatically decreased as a result of scientific research leading to early detection, but the current infected population is more than 20 times the amount of any previous outbreak and this number continues to grow as no vaccine exists to prevent the disease. During this time, the WHO continued meeting with government leaders in West Africa, AFRO representatives, and relevant organizations including the CDC and MSF. How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? 2022. According to a World Health Organization report, the epidemiological features of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have changed significantly in West Africa. Epidemiological features and trends of Ebola virus disease in West What is the treatment for Ebola virus disease? Ebola virus disease fact sheet. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. Genetic sequencing has shown that the virus isolated from infected patients in the 2014 outbreak is 97% similar to the virus that first emerged in 1976. This manuscript review and update current knowledge with regard to epidemiology of EVD problem statement, historical perspective, agent, host, environment, reservoir of infection, routes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and control.
